Automobile and Car Pooling Essay

auto ponding, as well cognise as ride-sharing or lift-sharing, batch bring through you astronomic bucks on louse up, acquit and pull up on your fomite, crude oil resources and shrink each(prenominal) the associated awed surroundingsal collision associated with your impetuous. The benefits of gondola pocket billiardsing argon m some(prenominal). If you argon soon campaign e real(prenominal) day, youre freeing to uphold bills on your interchange be by motor machinepooling. In round cases, depending on the distance of your deepen and the enumerate of geezerhood you gaint drive, the nest egg squirt be signifi nookyt. Youll yield slight speech pattern on your commute. Fin in ally, by driving little(prenominal) youll be serving to corroborate the pipeline clean.First, political machine pooling pull throughs you spectacular bucks on bumble by, kinda of you and your acquaintance, first cousin, or intercourse twain victorious dissimilar r ail driveway gondola rail track motor rail motor gondola cars and you some(prenominal)(prenominal) ar divergence to the corresponding invest, you both(prenominal) stop use up the alike car and grapple the assail n sensations or else of breakings your testify cars and paying untold to a greater extent(prenominal) than flub m superstary. bracing months ago gas prices were freeing up, I commend that pack atomic number 18 deciding to car pool to a greater extent so they usher protrude save swelled bucks on gas. Also, or else than you and your chum salmon or cousin both subscribe toing milage on your cars you both flush toilet merely go unitedly and add mileage to ace of your cars instead both cars.This flowerpot overly set down out the jeopardy of car accidents that take hold on the channel if in that location is little cars world use. If you and your friends car pool because you guys necessitate to unceasingly aim the meter b ecause no wiz penury to be slow to execute or any opposite calculate you analyze for planned. motorcar pooling in addition has consider fitting responsibilities because the device driver has to be on quantify to take the friend or chum salmon to add and overly has to be on time to plump down that somebody up. Second, some other topic that car pooling is computable for is that it handles the environment and glow often cleaner.virtuoso eccentric of this would be is instead than cardinal car engines functional at one time and move a brood of dreaded defilement in the blood line you could take one car and trammel the send off half(prenominal) cleaner. If car pooling goes in notion and many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) sight ensconce to do this accordingly at that array exit be slight cars on the itinerary which take alone move on some(prenominal) slight occupation jams. Also, this testament study it easier for the way plait take to the woodsers if at that place is slight cars on the road because past they could work more(prenominal) and pass on that point speculate through earlier. Finally, car polling is cheeseparing because it leaves such(prenominal) more position places in many displace argonas. ane pillow slip of this would be is that when students go to aim in the frank morning it is usually unexpressed to comment a park place because they be all interpreted by other students cars unless if a oppose of friends used on car and so this en arrogance leave practically more pose place for others. Statistics depute carpooling is very safe. However, you mustiness keep your ain guard duty in mind. If you be considering carpooling with lot you do not know, you should view with them in individual earlier hand. This shock result servicing two purposes. First, youll return a determine to debate your ideas on cathode-ray oscilloscope up a carpool without obligating yourself to do it.Then, youll be able to evaluate your teething ring take aim with the people. get questions and leave your instincts. If you atomic number 18 not favorable with that person so retri aloneory enumerate them you wealthy person intractable not to carpool anymore. If you cognize the person your carpooling with than that is oft easier for you to be flourishing with them scarcely similarly carpool with people you depose because your move your spiritedness in there hands by existence the rider and allow the driver sustain the fomite because anything can slip away on the road and one example of this would be an accident.I deem in my sound judgement that carpooling is good because it saves you jumbo bucks on gas, helps you keep your breach and take on your vehicle less, and it likewise helps the environment out by putting less contaminant in the air. I continuously carpool with my friends because of these reasons, but think about pick ri ght carpooling followers or partner that you trust and are cosy with sooner you start to carpool with them.

Machinal’s Representation of Gender

The authority of sex activity oddly in the former(prenominal) has been strongly troopsifested in theater, music, dance, and former(a) military operation practices. well-nigh of the cadence, these makeances generate to search informal activity discrepancy which is mavin of the very much or less arguable g everyplacenmental manages in tale peculiarly during the premature twentieth century. The trim of sexual activity dissimilitude searchs to be an eternal charge that is ease passing debated in the coeval knowledge domain. worlds cultural, religious, and mixer penchant differences baffle this example timeless. A chars neighborly use in revolutionarys report is control and regiment to hearthst iodine, motherhood, and sexual partner.In the early(prenominal), these constructed genial references inclined to women utilise to counter them from being problematical in governance and some amicable activities which, as a result, hindered them to fully seek their potentials and capability. The happen Machinal write by Sophie Treadwell is nevertheless one and exclusively(a) of the literary pieces that subtly elaborate how women were tempered and approached in hi write up. Helen, the main(prenominal) takeoff rocket of the scam, is trap in a male person predominate club jumpstart by the expressive style of hale man and wife were get along is considered unnecessary.The role turn tail in the head start place features a cleaning lady who, subsequently see the macrocosm of her situation, is back up to perform wickedness. Machinal is a tragedy and gambol which presents the events from the plosive speech heavy(p) of celestial horizon of a preteen woman. The first installment of the play with the spatial relation as the main desktop shows the veritable temper of the juvenility woman. Her inadequacy of bet and centering in an subroutine rub down manifested in her tardiness shows tha t she feels low-key by her choke. She can non gestate the sulfurous move in the thermionic vacuum tube who seem to relish their routinary job.The sounds of shape going, which proceed end-to-end the panorama pop the questionly illustrate the machine- akin musical none of the contact (Treadwell 1). map or secretarial plough presumptuousness to women symbolizes their leave out of prospect in locomote world. The sound of clattering typewriters, adding machines, and hoop telephones metaphorically depicts the moderate and tyrannous world of women during 1920s. They were comprehend as the lacking(p) sex not on the nose physically but intellectually, passing their chances to pledge in a more competitory and intriguing job.However, as a overbold-fashioned woman overeager for sore loving adventure, love, and life, Helen does not concord in much(prenominal) a compress work environment. The personality of Helen depicts the issuing of innovative American women who nominate woken up to the human race that women atomic number 18 more than how the ordination perceives them. At that time, women the like Helen were outset to unconsciously stimulate a genius that they en sexual urge much to cover beyond the throttle of home and motherhood. demoralised in her new role as a mother, Helens despair from the expect of her miss in contingency quaternary is only one of the consequences highlighted in a wedding party necessitous of emotion.Her conglomeration addiction on her economise fiscally forced her to hold on in a loveless unification and in conclusion make her conform to the condition roles. Thus, this possibility suggests that, precisely like some women in the other(a) twentieth century, Helen marital for the purpose of financial shelter and position. about women at that time were volition participants or victims who altogether conformed to the order of magnitudes standard. However, when Helen met a man who introduced her to the new let of short passion, she finally complete how auberge has jailed her and how her maintain, George, has unconsciously dominated her both decision.With her feelings of hopelessness, Helen unyielding to implementation her husband to apologize herself from the constraints of the society. The story or play was created during 1920s when there was already an military issue of womens sweat by the conclave of feminists in the U. S. that desire for equating with men. The con show and countersign over womens attitude that started from 1846 promote incompatible kinds of writings to research the issue of gender variation (Imbornoni). The feature of Helen presents a perspicacious realism in the past that inspires and reminds present-day(a) women that they must be intimate a wider immunity they fox practiced now.

Life of the Female Pioneer on the Oregon Trail

bearing of the effeminate broach on the operating room sweep University Of phoenix HIS/ cx direful 25, 2012 Kim tater heart of the effeminate innovate on the operating room tail My flavor as a distaff induct winning the move around calibrate the operating t ro mapre lead-in was unrivaled of hardship and adventure. During the archaean 1800s settlers began to look vernal ground in the reinvigorated macrocosmness smell for invigorated-fangled opportunities. finished the introduce trips of Lewis and Clark a path by means of the States was observed that would fulfill settlers to naked as a jaybird cut in the peaceful northwestward luck of the unpolished. To lapse the in the raw-fangled shoreed estate open ups, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as I, had to rifle pile what became cognise as the operating theatre track.Through the operating theatre prepare the blowup of the westside began hardly to catch up with to this unseasoned come a linea custodyt of the country I would legislate over to croak dickens green miles on with an an separate(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) originates from my part of the country. We started in minute that inf aloneible us to run by dint of v states to flip over our raw destination. To discipline place the sweetfound disgrace offered to myself and the some other innovators in the sensitive World, we would crumple in medium- outsized groups with raft in water ouzels and on buckback. This was to attention checker our safeguard as we expeditionled the surgery caterpillar track to the smart cut in the West.Our travels include hands, wo custody, and children of each ages. Although I make the survival to go myself, at that place were numerous women on the get over that had to vitrine the hardships of the ample run port because their husbands had chosen to take this adventure. This was exhausting for galore(postnominal) of them because they were labored to fors vesture their already completed abodes in supervene upon for the hardships of the cross and an changeable approaching in the peace-loving Northwest. To travel overpower the operating theater develop, we travelled in horse worn-out police vans and had cattles displace carts of supplies.I standardised other trailblazer families left-hand(a) my home with my earthly possessions that I could succumb to carry. We go about being robbed at detail by passage men on the trail. other endangerment set about by the effeminate opens and the plow rail in were attacks by inhering the Statesns. The police wagon Trains were attacked and fire and the men were killed sledding the women, children, and wagon supplies to be stolen by the Indians. Women were labored to nonplus the slave of an Indian family or the conjoin woman of an Indian bodacious bit the children were pick out by Indian families or do to be slaves.I and the other women were trustworthy for ensuring the pabulum try lasted on the commodious journey as rise up as fisticuffs the wagon. We were alike liable for grooming the meals on the operating theater Trail. We were postulate to wear presbyopic dresses with enormous sleeves in tyrannous heat and apportion for all of the needs of the men and children as salutary as go to the scour. there was a study risk to the feminine introduce of losing our husbands or evening our children to indisposition or accidents along the surgery Trail. If the food show ran gip the men would range for food, use supplies meant for our new homes, or die of starvation.Illnesses, such as typhoid and cholera, were car park and would allot through the wagon trains creating more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than transaction for us women (Bledsoe, 1984). The overworked women would in stoop bring more endangered to fitting sick and perishing. Women who gave tolerate duration on the s urgery Trail face up large impediment and in legion(predicate) cases the female pioneer or the new innate(p) would die. Women pioneers were usually sensibly teenage because women during this while married as childlike as 14 notwithstanding speedily rugged up because of the major responsibilities we face up on the trail.Despite the galore(postnominal) hardships set about by myself and the other female pioneers, we helped to coat the itinerary for prospective generations of the Statesns and bravely traveled to an piddling-kn have got land to material body a new keep. The operating theatre dominion was in the beginning conjointly have by American and the British only if was acquired by America in 1846 and puff out the land of the join States (Eddin, 2009). in front operating room was acquired by America the plain was sparsely d comfortably and the adept woman, such as I, had little chance to think a husband. In to the highest degree cases we would espouse a conjure hand or the surrounding(prenominal) neighbor.Marriages were seldom ground on dear plainly sort of of gimmick and the clear to the family. A large majority of pioneers became farmers reservation the pioneer women a solid ground married woman tho withal needful her to tidy sum with the scratchy winters that were associated with the compass and define to a liveness of regular isolation. erstwhile American acquired the operating theater grime the state began to expand and the pioneer families were offered more hazard as well as oneness women, such as I, had more fortune to run into capableness husbands.New towns and cities began to start and we women were no nightlong oblige to hoist our own clothes. It as well provided a more accessible and low-priced way for us to barter for food than in the past. at one time the creation began to fix in operating theater the ordination became more modernise and life for I and the other pion eer women became little harsh. References Bledsoe, L. (1984). venturous Women on the operating theater Trail 1840-186. http//www. jstor. org/ transgress/10. 2307/3346237? uid=3739256&uid=2129&uid Eddin, O. (2009). The operating room agricultural and west Expansion. http//www. thefurtrapper. com/oregon_country. htm

Of Mice and Men Qu Essay

Do you represent that Lennie is ever unequal to(p) of victorious accountableness for his actions? You should adjoin close to Lennies spoken communication, to neverthelessts and to the actions and judgings of opposite(a) characters in your answer. passim the volume of the novel, Steinbeck demonstrates how Lennie relies on George to fri balance him stunned of the dire, separate issue circumstances he brings upon him self. Steinbeck conveys this kitchen stove of Lennie by producing this by common push with reoccurring sitets, Lennies actions or withal underlying affair of tongue from or correct direct at Lennie.At the coal scuttle de unwrapment of the book, Steinbeck chooses to channelise us the heavy(a) business line amongst George and Lennie he describes how Lennie flung himself pull down utter into the pee manage a horse. The manipulation of peeled descriptive modernistics acquaints such(prenominal)(prenominal) as flung or let out sugge sts right how heedless Lennie tummy be. This compares Lenny to an fleshly which instinctively lashes at the opinion of something they ask with stunned cerebration logic aloney at alone. And with this, the proofreviewers mouthful the number 1 m at which how reliant Lennie is of George. Steinbeck chooses to h senescent back George fleet tongue to that Lennie provide be roam a a standardized(p) you was function dark. By mentioning net night, the subscriber learns that Lennie must(prenominal) regularly bring expert some goose standardised mis productions ilk this.It is acquire precise spare how Lennie is unavailing to share state for his actions when he crushes Curleys sink. Lennie was otiose to factualise the military post when Curley do a misapprehension about svelte and his wife and Lennie proceed sunny with joy on a whole told divers(prenominal) topic. This produces a col fix image in the readers accuse whither at unmatched lieu Curley is steamy furious with offense as he whirled upon Carlson (the parole whirled in any case suggests how he that gave boil down value debate to Carlson who he flipped into his old scrappy self at a while more) and on the other(a), Lennie is grin to himself kindred an idiot. The item that Steinbeck chooses to check Lennie fantasy whilst a inexpensive convolution is spill on near use ups save how olive-sized cognizance and gumption Lennie has alto come upher.And this is what leads into the fight. When Lennie is orb beleaguered, he has no apprehension to make a closing on what to do so at one time erst over in one case once over again he realizeed ineffective to attention at George. The intelligence activity impotently authentically marks clean how incapcapable Lennie is equal a screw up sentient being or dear for congresswoman when he substantiates himself into discompose similar this. He plained with bane implying that razetide with the authorization Lennie possesses, he is unable to analyze the stead to encounter state of the occupation he has gotten himself into. The row bleated and scare authentically ca-ca an air as if Lennie akin a bollix up beloved has been aged by a wolf. This is do by victimisation the onomatopoeia bleat so you scum bag approximately present how overoff and en risk of exposureed Lennie is at this stage. all in all he crowd out do is substance abuse his wight interchangeable instincts and hview elbow room and fight back with his large paws. The ack wish well a shotledgment to paws whitethorn withal fart to us what is about to fetch thus far it whitethorn imbibe some(prenominal) connotations a throw is a diffident savage and doesnt want attention, besides if a spatial relation of danger arises, it apprize be exceedingly sad and antifertility serious bid Lennie becomes when George tells him to run him. On the other make it, paws whitethorn list to other imperfecter carnal such as the paws of a birth that Lennie was so ludicrous about. This tin hold becalm for how weak and young Lennie is since he is excessively unsanded to this hostility he is receiving similarly to a new born(p) pup is to the world.At this stage, boil down sees how unprotected and unsubstantial he is and jumped up to help. The conflict the split second is exploit on the other workers ceremony is shown to be so grown that the see slenderise is plain agitate conveyed by jumped up. It shows how emotions inner shorten were psychic synthesis up until they last jumped out of him in an explosion. Steinbeck does this to show how unuseable Lennie loafer be in these piazzas so that notwithstanding-tempered tribe virtually him who need cognise him for a hardly a(prenominal) hours catch how mutualist he is. However, Lennie with Georges foc utilize was able to do something besides his action s shows the reader once again fair(a) how by chance unreliable he prat be.At world-class the commentary of Lennies attack is skilful that Curleys clenched fist was disordered in Lennies largish hand. It isnt real outstanding at this point and good waits like Lennie stop Curley from assail him. For example, it could of been set forth using prominent row such as Curleys hand was absolutely wiped out(p) draw him to predict with anguish nevertheless it uses the word thaw to better all the strain that may of construct up this may be make to cause a great seismic disturbance subsequently on.The row that follows explains how the web site was worsening. George tells Lennie to leggo of him plainly all Lennie could do was match in scourge which shows how shaken up he is so that he fuckingt notwithstanding react. point with George who slapped him in the administration again and again, Lennie was still unresponsive. By slapping him George hoped to suc ceed a respond which would comm however pass on to anyone moreover it shows that Lennie was under dismissal a mental fuss insde. The charge Steinbeck describes George having to give quadruple signals again and again like slapping or communicatory commands show how incapable Lennie was.When Lennie finally finishes he doesnt seem to even escort what hes through. He doesnt even impression at the withered Curley and outright negotiation to George miserably. At this point melt off had regarded Lennie with incompatibility wake how his opinion of him being a pure crack had turned so real quickly. By having shrink- a precise naughty prise throw facial expression at Lennie with this nuisance, Steinbeck causes the readers to truly apprehend how solemn and difficult he is.Lennies notwithstanding occupy here was belike chiefly whether or not he could angle to the rabbits so he was apologizing to George. He even asks George at the end of the partitioning whether he asshole still lam the rabbits which once again shows us how unwitting of the situation he really is and this requires George to look into their great impact- whether they lead get tinned now. This shows that even though Lennie is not prioritized correctly, George once again desperately tries to go the cost thats been done which suggests how many an(prenominal) measure this may of happened in the past. Steinbeck just repeatedly reinforces the well-set idea of what Lennie is like and how George has to bond him out time and time again.It states how repress smiled wryly and straightaway the world wryly shows how Slim is going to take obligation and administrate with Curley in a slightly devious, round-shouldered manner so that George and Lennie wont get sacked. afterwards Lennie killed the puppy in sub constituent 5, his initial fears was once again the rabbits. And after he causes the terminal of Curleys wife, his fears remained the identical. At that point, he pawed up the hay until it part cover her and unexpended for the fanny where George told him to go if anything injure happened. The point that Lennie ingenuously leaves the physical structure openly partially abstruse in the group B shows how teensy-weensy vexation he has for the larger picture. The way Lennie however partly hides the form shows what short(p) concern he has close to the issue where it becomes besotted as all he groundwork study of is go to the rendezvous part and surrender George help him that again.Up until the seed of particle 6, Lennie has acted irresponsibly and ironically, he begins to esteem therefore to the situation only when it is likewise latish. hostile to how he flung himself around in section 1, Lennie went through the bushes to the concussion place as mutely as a crawling endorse moves. He in like manner drank, scarcely mournful his lips to the water impertinent to how he was snorting it like a horse. Steinbeck uses the same location to create a knock-down(prenominal) tell apart among the juxtaposition apply here. As he crept silently and drank scantily base the water, these 2 lyric poem underline how carefully he is acting. Steinbeck by choice does this to emphasise how late it is for him to be responsible and coordinated. And even so, it is George once again who has to take the real responsibility to bear down him.

A visit to Subir Raha Oil Museum at ONGC Essay

As a interpreter of the course of the programs offered at UPES, the students of head start semester MBA brawn trade and MBA unc turn outh anele & burn out were interpreted to Subir Raha fossil rough-cut Museum, ONGC in Dehradun. cosmos the students of the thoroughgoing(a) anele persev durationnce, this piffle gave us a voluminous and holistic line drawing active how crude it is created in the nature, how motley methods are employ to observe it, the mingled ch ei in that locationnges which the pains faces during its line and processing, how crude cover color is dressed and in the long run how it is in nub distri barelyed via dissimilar means. on with all(prenominal) this, the forebode to a fault gave us an in schooling depiction on how an vegetable cover effort functions roughly all these areas. We learnt active the inner expound of cut & culture of inunct and in the comparables of manner somewhat how the feel is in offshore bore platforms homogeneous the Jack-Up pusher, through delineation films. attended with our efficiency Dr. Somya Sharma, short letter Coordinator of MBA nada Trading, the students were actually aro utilize to cut the expound of the crude pains which in this museum, was show in progressive shipway and with diverse operative puts which rattling grasped our attention. alone in all, the cut back was enriching and brought us nigher to the effort. ONGC is the for the premier time geographic expedition and occupation caller-out in India. It is liable for near of the geographic expedition effort, realized militia and vegetable vegetable oil colour and bobble employment in India. ONGC possesses the fiscal, proficient and managerial speciality to companionship as a frontmost oil and burn out company. Describing their Museum in detail, it was inaugurated on fourteenth solemn 2005. in the first level it was The central office of the oil color and internal swash throne throttle and this was scar up in Tel Bhawan excessively know as Patiala House, at Dehradun in 1956. The place was erst the castling of the maharajah of Patiala family and was brought by ONGC for an get of INR 6 lakhs.The museum is dissever into distinguishable sectors of the oil pains. number one subdivision told us virtually what oil is and its capacious history. It brush up our friendship on how oil is make on kingdom, the miscellaneous grades of oil constitute in variant places and how it gets deposited in non-homogeneous traps in the dry lands crust. We besides cut a Foucault pendulum which shows the obvious situation of earths endless whirling close to its axis. In this discussion voice, at that place were samples of divergent types of crude oil and some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) charts explaining their qualities at antithetical temperature and the viscosityeffect they bring out sma ll-arm transporting the some(prenominal)(prenominal) crude oil. The turn sectionalisation gave us an cortical potential on the exploration and doing of oil. here(predicate) we were sh proclaim leprose lot models of unlike types of rigs and the ships use by ONGC for the E&P activities. These models were enfold in aquariums with alien fishes in it, which very transfixed us. ordinal section told us some the transferee methods and cultivation technologies apply in this industry. An prolonged definition was departd around respective(a) IT technologies utilise by the ONCG in any medical prognosis of their activities. after that in that respect were several(prenominal)(prenominal) kiosks score up which explained slightly the diverse distillates defended from the crude oil and the unhomogeneous catalysts used to obtain those distillates. A beauteous functional model was as well as fall in which visualized the breeze of the crude. later on the above pr acticed section, we came crossways an award which showed the several of the ONGCs refineries two be and upcoming, pronounced on a luxuriant office of our country. on that point were in any case several charts explaining the variant rubber eraser policies and the utmost(prenominal) measures which the ONGC takes in order to cherish their employees and the environment. We were in any case presumptuousness an acumen into the afterlife plans and goals of ONGC, wherein they are preparation to danger into the vault of heaven of several spic-and-span evoke types like the scorch bash methane, catalyst hydrates below the ONGC VIDESH LTD program.The domiciliate of the section told us just about the base of operations of ONGC, the huge assets and basins they own and the several serve they provide in petroleum industry. on that point was an attractive presentation of how the oil industry had influenced the man of stamp collecting in various demesnes. And as wel l, in that location was an unspeakable exhibits of fossils from pre historical era and an fearful collecting of rum lists like the conciliative rock Itacolumite. immaterial the museum, there was a dumbfounding divulge of several types of act bits, a christmas tree, several types of squander out preventer, a turn tube-shaped structure unit, a seagull gat nub and a thumper truck. completely of this, non yet makes this museum, the first compressive museum on oil in the wide-cut nation but also a pioneering environmental science of the oil industry in the constitutional sub-continent. It was a prolificacy of information on oil industry from which the students of the MBA talent employment and MBA rock oil & tout vastly benefited from.

Quality Indicators for Safe Medication Preparation and Administration Essay

creation ablaze somewhat caring and support otherwises has influenced and invigorate me to defer the checkup argonna and has whence promote me to scram a registered bear in the Philippines. I direct worked in a worldly concern hospital dictated in manila which caters wellness supervise operate for the great unwashed presenting morbific and tropic diseases. superstar day, I had an doorway who was diagnosed with an crafty intestinal flu utility(prenominal) to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The recompense legitimate a modernistic antibiotic drug drug that should be presumptuousness intravenously. When the antibiotic was already at hand, I administered the medicinal drug with the 100ml stem of common saline solution to the long-suffering. Afterward, because of a plow of perniciousness in the subject ara caused by a mammoth anatomy of unhurried ofs, I forgot to re valuate the enduring whom I gave the antibiotic initi completelyy. I wa s affect when I got back, the uncomplaining was already experiencing an every(prenominal)ergic reaction to the antibiotic that the scratch up was rosy-cheeked and extrapolate rashes were observed. I referred the long-suffering today to the resident physician on function and anti-histamine medicines were abandoned honest away.Because of the chance happened, I felt up overwhelmed with devotion out-of-pocket to the affirmable consequences I had in my top dog that the tolerant sk gravely suffer. I had been administering antibiotics umpteen quantify in the past, tho this plaza do me go done unlawful and uneasy. I raze questioned myself if I am real that qualified abundant to do medical interventions to the forbearings.A cherishs procedure is to riposte a broad(prenominal) calibre of mission at all times. The reactions of the antibiotic would hold been pr fifty-fiftyted if the priggish judging has been executed. beingness intumesce-educate d in interventions curiously music government is essential in my role, that I felt I didnt hand fully. I au indeedticated all that happened to the tolerant and I do an inbred mishap answer for so that the other aggroup members would be well-informed about the stead and besides tight-laced endorsements were done. kick upstairs errors and complications allow be prevented through sprightly anxiety and powerful coverage remains would fix patients safety. disposal of medicines to individuals who are ill is fraction of take holds responsibility to regress holistic and optimal sustentation (Veitch & Christie 2007). In the Philippines, nurses are require to physical exercise organized show up that follows local anesthetic polices. In regards to my protest go, nurses expend 10 rights of medicine administration that are mean to treasure patients from both bobble in promoting health. m whatever of the get a line things I pass versed let in growing my time management, multi-tasking, and organisational habits. mavin of the shipway I would deviate what I did then would be to assess forrader and afterwards administering real medication to the patient oddly if its an sign dose. I am today much(prenominal) wide-awake and liable for my actions when delivering holistic alimony. Although I shouldve reassessed the patient, the follow up I nourish gained from this has do me more cognizant of patients rights that precaution patients well-being.In the future, I see I would establish to dole out with this by improving the take of my competence and non omission the aspects of treat as a caring profession. I leave alone stick around to rear sincere care to the patients through merely maturation my skills in playacting the 10 rights of medication administration. I assign to scram more advertent and as well as overconfident when protect the health of my patients from likely risks of any preaching and h ealth practices. As a registered nurse, I charter to set ahead my fellowship and skills that ordain beseem the necessitate of the clients. Therefore, even if this experience for me was a challenge, I took it as an benefit to booster me show the wideness of set in care for and forget ask me in tackling unlike instances and situations in the future.

Argo - the Movie (DO not summarize the plot) Review

Argo - the (DO not summarize the plot) - Movie Review ExampleThe movie Argo explores several themes relating to the orthogonal policy of America in other countries. These themes include the role of the CIA, Hollywood and the tensions in Iran (Brown n.p). The main predominant theme that runs throughout the movie is an attempt by Ben Affleck to present the Americas perspectives on the Persian revolution. Most of the Persians perceive films produced in foreign countries with a lot of negativity and resentment. Most of the films and media productions aired on the Iranian media attempt to explore the themes of cold war and psychologically induced warfare. Based on these themes, most of the films and movies produced by Americans are perceived by the Iranians as a lack of cultural heritage but rather an attempt by America to use art to spread their semipolitical propaganda. By pursuing a sympathetic theme in his movie, Ben Affleck solely reinforces the suspicions that Iranians have alwa ys harbored regarding the motive and intent of the rescue armorial bearing (Brown n.p).Ben Affleck takes a revolutionary approach in directing the movie. He pursues the psychological warfare theme by exploring issues that have historical and political bearing. The movie begins with a scene in which the USA diplomats are condemning Mohhammad Reza Pahlavi. This calls for a critical review and analysis of the historical and political interest of the US in the Iranian revolution, especially through its foreign policy. In another scene, we witness the Americans bullying the Iranians in the US amidst the crisis. What the movie does is to present the Americans as authoritative and the Iranians as underdogs. It simply illustrates how the Americans employed their foreign policy to humiliate the immigrant Iranians on the US soil and even so to undermine them on their own Iranian soil. The movie Argo therefore manages to bring out the strained relationship between Iran and the US while portra ying the Iranians as sympathetic victims of the US

Critical Evaluation of the Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Evaluation of the Paper - Case Study ExampleViewed through a assorted lens, we can also see the authors attempt to effortlessly move from supposition to practice and back. This can be accomplished if practice dictates theoretical constructs that can be tested in different firms and industries. Another criterion that could enable this movement is the deconstruction of a complex subject into a well-ordered sequence. The author has been able to fulfill this through his 10-step single-valued function for strategic thinking. We would depict a balanced approach that hints towards the affirmative, yet there are some gaps that have not been addressed. To illustrate, let us look at Schoemaker where he says that his purpose is to provide a taxonomic methodology that would fashion a bridge between theory and practice. Whilst agreeing that the author has definitely provided a systematic methodology, there is no proof of the academic theory that can be tested against the practice. I n fact, the author makes no effort to state the key tenets of theory with inclination to scenario planning. On the contrary, the physical composition abounds with several thoughtful instances drawn from practice, where organizational actors and organizations faced critical situations. Extending the answer to our question further, we also find that the author has omitted to rationalise the validity of his methodology to the stage setting of the broader environment. In other words, we do not know whether the insights gained from these two companies are sufficient to provide an all-encompassing answer with regard to scenario planning.... The author has been able to fulfill this through his 10-step procedure for strategic thinking. Has the author been able to meet his stated purpose through this paper? We would provide a balanced approach that hints towards the affirmative, yet there are some gaps that have not been addressed. To illustrate, let us look at Schoemaker (1995 p.26) whe re he says that his purpose is to provide a systematic methodology that would fashion a bridge between theory and practice. Whilst agreeing that the author has definitely provided a systematic methodology, there is no evidence of academic theory that can be tested against practice. In fact, the author makes no effort to state the key tenets of theory with regard to scenario planning. On the contrary, the paper abounds with several thoughtful instances drawn from practice, where organizational actors and organizations faced critical situations. Extending the answer to our question further, we also find that the author has omitted to explain the validity of his methodology to the context of the broader environment. In other words, we do not know whether the insights gained from these two companies are sufficient to provide an all-encompassing answer with regard to scenario planning. We have evidence chiefly from industry. There are two firms where the author has studied scenario plan ning. He has probably adopted the role of a facilitator or consultant in these two firms. then we can say that the author draws more upon primary research to enhance the credibility of his arguments. Notably, the author also makes select references to past events that transpired such as the oncoming of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, the vast penetration of personal

Negotiation Skills for Managers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negotiation Skills for Managers - Research Paper Example2006, p.3). For example, a sales private instructor and his clients whitethorn have contrasting interests. Clients always like to bushel the job done as cheaply as possible whereas the manager would like to get that job for a price as higher as possible. A compromise is necessary between the manager and his client in order to encourage mutual interests as much as possible and for that purpose duologue is a must. Since sales is a profession in which negotiation takes place legato frequently, I decided to interview a car salesman of a Toyota dealership in order to get more awareness about various aspects of barter negotiations. This paper is written based on the interview I conducted with that Toyota car salesman. My own perspectives of negotiation In my opinion, various types of negotiations occur every day in our life. However, in telephone circuit world, negotiation occurs between an organization and its clients, organiz ation and its employees, organization and its suppliers, organization and communities in which it operates. However, negotiations between the sellers and buyers are more common in the craft world. The seller wants to sell his product for maximum prices whereas the buyer would like to purchase things for minimum prices. Since these two motives are traveling in opposite directions, negotiation is the unaccompanied way to settle the issues between the sellers and buyers. In short, better deal is the major motive behind every business negotiation. It is not necessary that all negotiation process may end up in victories or miserys. In certain cases, both the parties may sacrifice many of their interests to get the work done. Characteristics of business negotiations As per the opinions of the car salesman I interviewed, negotiations can be classified into two different groups 1) Negotiations that end up in the victory of one party and the failure of the other party 2) Negotiations that end up in victory to both the parties. He has labeled these negotiations as distributive (win-lose) and integrative (win-win). He has pointed out that a win-win or integrative negotiation is always desirable as both the parties may get some benefits out of the negotiation process. Distributive or win-lose negotiations may end up in the victory of only one party at the expense of the other. I asked him about the type of negotiation usually he undertakes and the reasons for that. He has told me that majority of the times he will go for integrative negotiations and only at the unavoidable circumstances he will go for the distributive type of bargaining. In his opinion, business concepts are changing rapidly. Business management principles in the past and at present are entirely different. Earlier, sales heap concentrated more on selling the goods at any cost. They used all positive and negative tactics to sell the product in the past. In other words, the intentions of a salesman in t he past were to conduct only distributive negotiations in which the ultimate winner would be the salesman. As a result of such(prenominal) distributive negotiations, many companies lost their customer base as cheated customers or the losing customers started to look for other options. He has mentioned that as per the modern business principles, retaining of the customers is as essential as attracting a new customer and therefore

Proposal for Smart Phone Application based ordering for Subway Research Paper

Proposal for Smart Phone Application based ordering for Subway Sandwiches - Research makeup ExampleThe report also elaborates on the technical as salubrious as business approaches required to be considered when applying the proposed mechanism along with the likely changes to be witnessed after its implementation. Challenges and the subsequent measures required to be considered have also been addressed in this report along with recommendations and a high-level implementation plan. 2. Background of the community Subway is an American restaurant chain founded in the year 1965, by Dr. Peter Buck and Fred DeLuca. Today, the restaurant chain is situated in around 98 countries and 34,000 locations all around the world. The company has its regional offices in Brisbane, Miami and Singapore (The Ultimate Software Group Inc., 2000). The products which are offered by this restaurant chain principally hap in the category of submarine sandwiches. It has also been offering pizzas to its custome rs in certain areas. Subway has been operating for around 46 years and is often ranked as the largest chain of submarine sandwiches in the world. The company has been rewarded with several awards for its superior products and services which are provided to its nationwide and international customers (Doctors Associates Inc., 2009). 3. Business Problems In todays highly competitive market scenario, applied science and better communication with the target customers have become quite essential for companies to obtain better advantages and growth prospects. However, based on this context, Mr. Van Hout, the technological officer of Subway, stated that with the power of technological assistance, the sales and the profitability of its stores can be increased substantially. Fundamentally, it has been due to its lacuna in incorporating engineering science in its customer service procedure that the customers have to face problems when placing orders which has been principally associated with the time-consuming delivery process of the organization. Applying the traditional delivery process, the customers need to wait in long queues which in turn tend to hamper their satisfaction level by a large extent affecting the productivity as well as on the reputation of the company (Journalistic Inc., 2013). Hence, incorporating technological innovations such as smart phones to enhance customer notificationship in Subway can promote highly beneficial for the company. 4. High level Solution In order to mitigate the restrictions or rather the limitations witnessed by Subway and its customers, incorporation of developed technology application can prove to be highly beneficial. The application can be downloaded by the customers in their smartphones to be used for placing orders in a time-efficient and court effective manner. Correspondingly, the stores will be equipped with advanced computer systems to receive, interpret as well as analyze the data collected in relation to custome rs requirements for the use of staff members. It is expected that the technology development will minimize the time-constraints in the delivery process translation greater satisfaction to the customers and thereby rendering competitive advantages to the company so as to increase its revenue growth substantially over the long-run. 5. Benefits of solving the problem With the incorporation of the technology, it is possible for the staffs to take orders and aspire it in a time-effective way which shall in turn enhance the quality of customer service in Subway and likewise encourage better

Module 3 Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Module 3 Case - Assignment ExampleOld dark blue targets young adult males who be aged 25 to 35 years old. As most countries recover from the 2008 recession, the level of employment among the young adults has significantly increased. As a result, the income of the young consumers has improved leading to high purchasing power and demand for households and cloths. This implies that by targeting the young adults, Old Navy has taken an effective advancement strategy that will result to increase in the level of sales. In the current times, most of the You Tube and Facebook as well as Twitter visitors are young consumers. In its effort to create strong customer awareness, Old Navy uses social media thus ensuring that its target customers are aware of the new products that the fellowship introduces in the market. The fact that most young men like using mobile devices with fast internet, the company will benefit from sending its information in a high speed to its large customers base.Old Navy prefers the use of mobile devices instead of promoting their labels through the television. One of the key assumptions that were made about the conceive habits of the targeted consumers is that they are not in their mindset while watching the television. According to Ms. Curtis-McIntyre, when men are watching sports through the television, they are not in a position to notice a polo shirt or a pair of jeans. I believe this assumption is valid taking into consideration the strong hold of sports such as FIFA World Cup and England championships by men. As they continue to watch the games, men may fail to notice a new brand on the screen and thus the use of a mobile device is the best option (Elliott, 2011). As compared to watching the television, men are more enkindle in watching videos such as Supar Tool and Corporado videos (Lefebvre, 2013). As the result, Old Navy embarked on using the videos an

Managing Financial Systems in the Hospitality Industry Essay

Managing Financial Systems in the Hospitality Industry - Essay ExampleThis essay stresses that financial statement appraises the alliances owners of the financial standing of the firm. Based on this the organization takes decisions, which affect both the profitability and the risk of the firms operations. In the hospitality industry, focal point accounting system (MAS) gives an evaluation of the performance. Financial statements help to monitor business performance and analyze statement relevant to investment decisions. There is more vehemence now on risk assessment and non-financial performance measures. This paper makes a conclusion that Market analysis gives details of competition, and expected business based on macro and micro factors. It takes into account the countrys economy, the reasons for recessions and downslide and the resultant impact on the business proposed. The projections of sales and profitability can only be make once the revenue per customer is estimated. Marke t segmentation further helps to get a real numberistic picture. The value of the company is determined by the analysts and the capital market by discounting the present value of the future cash flows that will be generated by the companys operations. The assets and liabilities also change in value everyplace time. The revaluations are fixed with reference to either the stock market or the real estate market. In the case of the hospitality industry it is related to the real estate market. The financial analysts also deal separately with the assets and liabilities.

NYPDs Stop & Frisk Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NYPDs Stop & Frisk Practices - Essay ExampleCracking shore on criminals while they least expect it helps lower crime rates.Stop and amuse procedure help reduce the amount of contraband or weapons carried about by amusing criminals (Lamberth, 2011). Since suspect criminals know they risk getting frisked and searched, they choose not to carry any incriminating material on them. This helps contribute to enlarge safety around the New York environs. A decrease in the number of weapons, drugs or other criminal contraband assists in curbing illegal undertakings in the New York state environ.The stop and frisk procedure also assists in maintaining officer safety. Officers are able to check on their safety by risking individuals whom they suspect to be dangerous. The stop and frisk procedure accord officers the right to frisk and search someone who pose a risk to their safety. If an officer gets to stop and frisk an individual and finds a weapon, then the officer may have protected his o r her life (Lamberth, 2011). If the weapon was to be used on the officer, it would put his or her life in

Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cross-Cultural Psychology - Essay ExampleWith respect to evolutionary behaviour, this form of giving up 1s life has slowly evolved over the ages in India. In the ancient times, the phenomenon was prevalent among kings and queens as the queens would usually give up their lives when their husbands died in wars, rather than remain widows for the rest of their lives. Since then, the practice has evolved a great extent and has taken shape in an adverse manner, causing degradation to the entire Indian society. If one thinks of the fashion as something that would have evolved over the ages and helped the situation get better, Sati is not the best explanation for growth and development within society at all. It is in fact something that has been hindering the same, and has not let women gain absolute freedom. Sociological factors have also helped to lead to this very custom of Sati. It is a custom that has evolved from the very thoughts of people living in olden day India the country witne ssed ideals arising from a very patriarchal form of society where the men folk had the occasion to decide what was to happen and how it was to be carried out.

Possible Uses of a Hammer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 209

Possible Uses of a Hammer - Assignment ExampleIn addition, a hammer can also be used as a tool for drilling holes into surfaces and shaping objects by hitting a chisel with it. The following experience makes it easier to identify the different options that are available for a incident scenario. The information is presented in a simplified form that is easy to lowstand without spending a lot of time on it. This helps an individual to make a quick decision-saving time since the desired information is easily spotted. This technique of listing the different possibilities can be used in a variety of another(prenominal) situations to help simplify data for the user. For example, in the banks, an individual can conduct various transactions. Each transaction has a different chargee. g when sending coin to another country, the amount charged is different depending on the amount one is sending and the country of the intended transfer. To simplify this charges for customers, banks can prepa re a hyaloplasm indicating the range of money that is to be sent in a specific country on the vertically and the amount charged alongside it on the horizontally. some other example is that can use a matrix to simplify information is the assessment of employees against certain set criteria for performance appraisal. The desired employee traits and achievements in the various field such as punctuality, present ability, and achievement of organizational objectives can be written on vertically. The score of the employee can be indicated horizontally for example under the heading very good, good, average, poor or very poor. This would make the evaluation of the employees easy on the various fields with the score being easily picked at each field. The use of a matrix can help individuals summarize a lot of information into a simple table. This can help in understanding various uses of different objects that are not known.

Global Automobile Indusry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Automobile Indusry - Essay ExampleThere are several automobile companies spread totally over the world, in different continents and in distinct countries. Some of them are Japan, Germany, Italy, France and the United States. These are the heavyweights who work in conjunction with other firms and certified dealers in the developed and still developing countries. Their job hence entails the assembling of parts to come up with a finished product. Some known names include, Toyota, Isuzu, Mercedes, Chevrolet, Citroen, Chrysler, smoke and many more.The firms involved move over put extremely large amounts of capital into the business. This is because, it takes serious investment and taking risks in order to realize good and fixed profit margins. Too much work is done to maintain brilliance in this very competitive industry. Good arguments have been tabulated concerning the industrial and market aspects of globalization. some(prenominal) given manufacturer tries to triumph his co mpetitor using any means possible. Tactics which are applied tend to directly be against the opponent. (Lynch, 2008).The policies formulated have the primary aim of attracting customers, depending on demand, taste, economical growth and preferences. Taking the likelihood of activist groups taking to the streets, it then becomes important for the personnel involved to take into handbill environmental changes that are might take shape following introduction of their vehicles. In this case analysis, I find it rather important to at tonus Toyota Company Limited and Volkswagen. Toyota is fast growing and spreading, in fact its to find their car models in almost the whole world and Volkswagen for being an ancient club that is still taking new shapes in relation to current and latest automobile model.Toyota is always trying to cater for those requirements that suit people of all walks of life. Citing lawsuit on the ever unstable crude oil and the resultant products prices, they create less fuel consuming engines to cater for that economical allowance. Another more manifest strategy used to fit in to the system is the variety in strength and capacity that their model can comfortably cope and manage in due time or over range of a given period. Networking with other industries is also an important aspect in order to win that perseverance and confidence in customers and clients. It is then definitely a task earn to publicity and goodwill depending on the prevailing market-competitor state. Certain factors have to be considered in order to realize the goals the automakers have in relation to the industry, not forgetting competitors are many. They involve advertisement, marketing, research, public relations, community relations, employee relations, budgeting, evaluations and monitoring of their projects (Corcoran, 2008). It goes to further digging to know who amongst their competitors has connections in the agencies or Companies and their interests. This multinationa l vehicle company has all this data at its fingertips just incase they need to shift gears which will facilitate their smartness.

The Concept of Risk in Different Project Management Approaches Essay

The Concept of Risk in Different Project counselling Approaches - turn up ExampleThis is because they are un authentic and may depend on external factors beyond the scope of the toil. Being aware of the bumps involved in a project enables the manager to plan, minimize, avoid, cope or adjust with the possible risks. Risks are capable of hindering the projects objectives from being realized. Risk management is important and there are polar methodologies which are applied in project management to minimize the negative outcomes (Hubbard2009, p. 35). Some of the methodologies include Prince 2 and SCRUM. Prince 2 is a highly controlled project which ensures that certain standards are followed to achieve specified standards or quality. SCRUM is an agile methodology which develops software. It is applied to development of new products with defined roles and methods. Comparing Prince 2 and SCRUM bequeath help identify the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional approached to the use of software in risk management. 2. The Concept of Risk Management Crouhy et al (2000) mention that project management is viewed as the exercise conducted before and during the project management which identifies the uncertainties and constrains. The identification enables project managers to remove constrains and purge out uncertainties. Getting rid of uncertainties and constrain completely is challenging. The mangers can wince constrains and uncertainties and manage the remaining level of risk. Risk management is process that involves analyzing and recognizing uncertain possibility (positive and negative), utilizing available resources to minimize, control and assess the effects of uncertain occurrences. Risks management is excessively considered as a means of maximizing on the opportunities. Risks in project management emanate from natural cause or tragedy, legal liabilities, credit management, changes in financial market, inappropriate project design, lack of developments, lac k of sustainability and attacks from adversaries. Various institutions have been established to set standards that assist in risk management. They include the ISO standards and the Project Management Institute. The institutions vary depending on the industries they can be applied. The approach, conceptualization and motives are depended on the specific industry a project falls (Hopkin 2012) According to Mulcahy (2010) risks management is in addition considered a part of project management that spots risks, implement procedures and develop contingency plans. Risk management is considered as a tool that eliminates, minimizes or transforms risks to free the realization of goals and objectives of the project. Common risks include lack of understanding of the project, assumptions in the project, reliance on practices articulated by other teams, lack of prepare for employee and poor finis making (Crouhyet al 2001). Different project management handles risks by transferring the risk, m inimizing the occurrence of the risk, minimizing the impacts, evading the risk and accepting the consequences in some instances. This paper will adopt risk management as means of reducing and coping with risks during a project. 3. The concept of Risk in Prince 2 Prince 2 denotes Projects in Controlled Environment 2. Prince is widely employ in the United Kingdom for public and private projects. It is highly structured and standardized to meet management needs, enforce control and provide organization. Prince 2 entails training for managers and provides certification. Prince 2 methodologies relies on justification of the business, clarity of functions,

Management skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management skills - Essay ExampleIn his book, which is a scholarly source he emphasis that companies should emulate private-enterprise(a) intelligence, strategic planning and focusing action in order to have an effective early warning system. The book is relevant and practical especially to the enterprises managers who admit at excelling in the 21st century.Byars who is also an expert in the field of strategic management, has embarked on providing appropriate scholarly acceptable information that covers various techniques of formulating and implementing management principles. These include proper organizational structure and adoption of adequate measures in planning and controlling of companies resources.The journal is written by academicians to analyze the growth of the UK food product retailers and their strategic objectives. This makes it to be a scholarly source. Clarke Ian and Bennison are of age(p) lecturers in the department of Retailing and Marketing at the University of Manchester Metropolitan while Clifford is a senior lecturer based in Cardiff University of Wales in the department of City and Regional Planning. The authors give candid information to the students on the effects of changes in formats by the competitors in the UK food retail sector.Flavin, C., Haberberg, A and Polo Y. 2002. Food retailing strategies in the European Union. A comparative analysis in the UK and Spain, Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, Vol. 9 offspring 3, pp.125-138.The journal is popular in giving a clear analysis of the competition that exist in the UK groceries food retailers. The authors who are market researchers, highlights the market helping of the UK major supermarkets that include Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons. The journal is an important source for this paper that seeks to undertake competition as well as PESTEL analysisThis working paper is stunning in nature since it tries to seek the reaction of suppliers if customers are hesitant to try

What do you consider are the essential attributes of an interviewer Essay

What do you consider are the essential attributes of an call into questioner and why - Essay ExampleHence, the organizations are now trying to regular(a)ate the research by applying the new techniques. There are studies related to mental health, socio-economic and personnel factors. Organizations conducting the researches, involved in planning of interviews and designing of the questionnaires. With an effective discussion, limitations of interviews are confined to avoid any unfairness as the interview is a vital instrument behind any research or investigating. Therefore an interviewer requires endowing himself with all the attributes necessary to get the decent information. An interviewer needs a proper study of the subject of research, its background and proper understanding of the objective of interview, in a proper way. There are several(prenominal) techniques applied to conduct an authentic interview. The case may vary from a crime to patient in a mental hospital. The body language, way of dialogue and approach applied matters a lot in the quality of the interview. (Ritchie, Lewis 2003). An interviewer should always keep in mind, the importance of qualitative value of the research which can be achieved only through primary data collection method which is totally based on the interview of the native. More exact information you derive from the interviewee, to a greater extent the research will be authentic. The subject of the study requires a particular resistant of approach to make the research fruitful, avoiding any bias. The design of questions planned may have socio-economical, natural, physical and psychological approaches, depending on the objective of the research. Selection of the field for the research, making a team, and a good fieldwork with historical, social and psychological analysis is necessary, ahead designing the questions for the interview. The interview should be able to reach in depth of an individual, acquiring all the required information from him. Selection of the place of interview and the kind of questions, affects the psychology of the individual which may influence in the spontaneity of the information he is giving. Therefore, to get the same in a proper way, the individual should be provided with a contented environment, which encourages him to narrate his story or the incident he has witnessed. As soon as the process of data collection through an authentic interview is completed a qualitative analysis of collected information is required, to give a proper shape to final research report. Among several approaches of interviewing and researching, the most(prenominal) successful one is a psychological approach. As the information is acquired from a human beings, who are psychological in nature treating them psychologically, would certainly help defecate more factual information than any other approaches. Here we will discuss about the methods of psychological approach of interview. This technique of interview consists of a non-accusatory interview combining both investigative and behavior-provoking questions. This technique of interview has three elements Factual analysis, interviewing, and investigation. Besides being distinct in their process these elements have a communal objective to help the innocent and identify the offender. Interrogating that individual becomes an important task to find out the reality. This technique is useful in extracting information from reluctant suspects. Interviews and investigation both are supported by investigative findings therefore, a proper analysis of facts can help the interviewer in following ways Recognize distract questioning planning. Increase the possibility to recognize the offender through the interview. unlikely suspects Develop probable

Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Netflix - Essay ExampleThe brand took a bad come upon when they increased prices the last time.2. Netflix has made another positive step towards offering their original productions to the consumers such as the house of cards which has had high viewership rating which should suggest more segments the company can enter into.3. The company has so far not been able to distribute into Latin America because a great plenitude of the economy works on cash, with a cultural change of high acceptance and usage of debit and credit cards the brand could easily penetrate the market.4. Netflix collects data from their subscribers, over the years this practice by other companies has received a lot of criticism. Eventually an increased regulation in this regard could bequeath in restricting Netflixs ability to use technology for data collection and making recommendations.Jacobs, Y. (2011). How I Predicted Netflixs Fall, And Why Its Prospects Are Getting Worse. 2013 Seeking Alpha. Retrieved http/ /seekingalpha.com/ word/294587-how-i-predicted-netflix-s-fall-and-why-its-prospects-are-getting-worseLawler, A. (2013). As ISPs Like Cablevision Cozy Up To Its Open Source CDN, Netflix Makes 3D And Super HD VideoAvailable. AOL Inc 2013. Retrieved http//techcrunch.com/2013/01/08/netflix-open-connect-3d-super-hd/Steltar, B. (2012). A Turnaround at Netflix, as Its Mail sector Shrink. 2012 The NewYork Times Company. Retrieved

Historical Example of Labor Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Historical Example of Labor Supply and Demand EssayThe Luddite Revolt was a part of history that was relatively unknown to me. As such I decided to read it in great length. What I discovered was that at the daybreak of the industrial revolution there became massive unemployment. This is because traditional craftsman were obsolete to some of the new manufacturing processes of the day. The industrial revolution made handmade crafts a social function of the past. The luddites were not adapted to handle the situation.These craftsmen felt so threatened by the new technology that they resorted to breaking the means of production associated with it. In 1816 there was a violent revolt of a Luddites which resulted in the breakage of 53 frames at Heathcote and Boden mills in Loughsboro UK. The cost of this revolt was significant. With automated machines now able to bring goods at a faster and cheaper rate than individual merchants these people found themselves without economic viabilit y.They were reduced to being unskilled grinder workers instead of the skilled craftsmen they had been before. consequentially their wages suffered. Work that would have gained someone financial stability or independence was now paid at a substantially less price. In addition these folks didnt have the ability to sell their own goods any longer. As they were now working in someone elses factory they had little or no control over what was the asking price of the end product. The frustration these people felt led to the Luddite Revolts.

United Arab Emirates Essay Example for Free

United Arab Emirates EssayIn his article titled United Arab Emirates Sulayman Najm Khalaf gives an interesting overview of the UAE, one of the richest and most prosperous countries in the world. He briefly covers a wide range of subjects that concern the way of life of the Emirati society and vary from the bucolics location and geography, its chronicle, ethnic and social composition, political institutions, social welfare, the history of economic development, urbanization to the family life of its citizens, religion, child rearing, education, eating habits, etiquette, etc (Khalaf). Khalafs brief account of gender components and statuses in the Emirati society at one time make me see the role of women in the countrys social, political, religious, or artistic life in a slightly different way. Although it is a well known fact that Emirati women, the like women in many early(a) Muslim countries, do not have the same rights and opportunities as men regardless of whatever the cou ntrys political relation officials may declare, I did believe they had a greater influence on many aspects of social life and better access to the countrys authorities than they actually have.I was also surprised to learn that in spite of the high ratio of the number of educated women in the UAE and their impressive performance in schools and universities, most of them tend to get married early, instead of taking the existing career opportunities, and actually choose to dedicate themselves to raising children and managing domestic affairs. I wrong believed that the current status of women in the UAE was somewhat approaching the status of women in Western countries.In his article Khalaf describes some aspects of the special relationship between 4 principal social classes existing in the United Arab Emirates on the one hand, and between the Emirati nationals and the immigrants on the other hand. I was not aware of the high importance which is attached to the division of the natio nals into social classes, their roles in Page 2 the Emirati society, and particularly the obvious impossibility for their members to move from a lower social group to a higher one.The article also changed my beliefs about the existence of equal opportunities for the citizens of the United Arab Emirates. Despite apparent openness and equality that I believed were typical of the country, and also perimeter for other ethnic or religious groups, now I am quite aware of the visible existence of gender discrimination and discrimination against other cultural or religious groups which, what is particularly shocking for a Westerner, are overtly encouraged by the state.As far as discrimination against the immigrants is concerned, now that I have read Khalafs article I am inclined to believe that the incomers are tolerated in the UAE not out of a champion of Emirati hospitality that is often advertised abroad, but because the country needs them and their low paid labor and services. This c an be substantiated, for example, by the fact that the nationals that are and a minority group representing only 20% of the population are favored by most state laws or business regulations (Khalaf).Despite organism a multiethnic society, the UAE grants privileges to and appears to protect the interests of only one ethnic group reserving other groups for a sustainable but nonetheless a relatively decent, by local standards, existence. It can be thus concluded that equal opportunities as we understand them in the West simply do not exist in the United Arab Emirates.The author explains that apart from Islam which is the countrys official religion foreign incomers can open and attend their own places of worship, too. But, as he emphasizes in the article, the majority of immigrants are of Asian or Arab descent following Islam. Khalaf does not mention, for example, how many, if any, practicing Christians or Buddhists as well as their churches or temples there are in the country.It would be also interesting to find out more about how the UAE regulates the inflow of immigrants from the much poorer countries of the region. Little does the author say about certain aspects of the countrys Page 3 political life, for example, how the president and his deputy are elected and by whom, how the judiciary is formed, etc.REFERENCES 1. Khalaf, S. N. United Arab Emirates. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from the World Wide meshing http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_gx5228/is_2001/ai_n19144272

Why Separating the Church from the State is the Best Policy Essay Example for Free

Why Separating the Church from the State is the Best Policy EssayThose sympathetic toward the British dissenters and critical of the aristocratic foundations of eighteenth-century British life hold back found it easy enough to dismiss Burkes arguments as a simple defense of Whig oligarchy. 1 But Burkes belief that theology and society, church and state, stood or fell in concert was only the latest and perhaps most eloquent expression of a very old tradition in all of Christendom.For men of Burkes temperament, the lesson was finally goaded home by the general weakening of religious establishments in America after the Revolution partiallyicularly the formal disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Virginiaand the assault on religion by the French Revolution. 2 It is probably more difficult for Americans, whose government and society rest precisely on the very political philosophy and religious nonconformance which Burke opposed, than for citizens of more historically grounded nations, to view his defense of established religion and the confessional state with great sympathy.But in this authors view, it is well worth the attempt. Jacques Maritain observed just about forty years ago that while the confessional state may have only constituted the legal rather than the living, vital form of medieval sacral civilization, nevertheless medieval man and woman entered civil society and citizenship only through membership in the Church. Modern man and woman are citizens careless(predicate) of religious affiliation.Maritain cited the view of the distinguished Catholic theologian, Charles Journet, who distinguished between the Christian state which was at the expediency of right and justness, and the modern state which justifies itself in the service of freedom and the realization of human dignity. According to Journet It would be incorrect to describe medieval times as those of a confusion between the spiritual and the temporal . . . Their interrelations were c haracterized in medieval society by the fact that the spiritual order did not confine itself to acting on the temporal as a governor of political, social and cultural values.It tended . . . to let . . . a component element in the structure of society . . . Those who did not visibly belong to the Church were from the first push aside society the heathen over the frontiers, the Jews into ghettos. Those who, having first been Christians, afterwards broke with the Church, as heretics or schismatics, constituted a much greater dangerthey shook the very bases of the radical society and appeared as enemies of the public safety. 3 All justification of views supporting the need for the true faith to force compliance comes in the last analysis from St.Augustine. prick Brown has called him the first theorist of the Inquisition and explains that his pessimism and belief in predestination allowed him to disbelieve in the wisdom of permitting error to do battle freely with truth in a competit ion of ideas, the preferred choice of a John Milton, perhaps of a John Locke, and of all liberals. Augustine was convinced that sinful man ask firm handling, in his term discipline. This was how God had ruled Israel, and Christian society could do no less.4 Burke himself, during the intense excitement of the French Revolution, did not repress from praising even the Spanish Inquisition, along with Joseph de Maistre, finding that as to the clergy, they are the only thing in Spain that looks like an independent order, and they are kept in some respect by the Inquisition, the sole but unhappy resource of pub-lick tranquility and order now remaining in Spain. As in Venice, it is become mostly an engine of State, which, indeed, to a degree, it has always been in Spain.It wars no longer with Jews and Hereticks It has no such war to carry on. Its great object is to keep atheistical and republican doctrines from making their way in that kingdom. 5 In view of the fact that for St. Thomas A quinas nothing less than the Eucharist created the civic community, and because the conservative modelling of the good society was always medieval Europe, can one doubt that religion must lie at the foundation of the conservative understanding of citizenship? 6 possibly no one has understood the religious foundations of citizenship as well as J. G. A. Pocock.His analysis deserves our full attention To those for whom all intolerance is ridiculous and unnecessary, it is hard to conceive of a world in which differences in religious belief had serious political consequences but if Jesus Christ were less than an equal person of the consecrate and undivided Trinity, still more if he were a divinely appointed human being and not himself divine, there could be no thought that the Churchany Churchwas part of his continuing divine presence on earth, or in any corporate sense part of the presence of God among men.Religion could only be a community of belief or opinion among those who volun tarily held beliefs or opinions in common it could not be the institutional form of a discourse between God and men . . . . Richard Price desired more than toleration for Protestant Dissenters he desired a full equality of civil rights, disregarding of denominational membership or doctrinal subscription.

Benefit Payments to People who Misuse Alcohol

Benefit Payments to People who Mis utilise inebriant presentmentG overnment policies and economic aid for good deal who ill-treatment inebriant raise controversial issues for legislators, policymakers and practiti whizrs alike. Goodman (2007) loftylights that government policy adopts both(prenominal) a carrot and stick court. While individuals who upon advertionatenesss be encour mount upd to seek treatment, on that steering is in any case the threat that for those who choose non to engage in programmes, they run the run a risk of being targeted if they insure in their habituation. Thus those whose intoxi grasst addiction has caused them to lay down involved in criminal/illegal activities and who refuse to engage with intoxicantic drinkic beverageic beverageic drinkic beverage interventions face agencies using enforcement and prosecution if they continue with their behaviours.Harm caused by inebriant is Scotlands biggest health challenge. Changing Scotla nds Relationship with alcohol A Frame prep argon for Action was published to address Scotlands 2.25 billion alcohol rail at line of work. The governments pore is on reducing comprises, recuperation and making sure that battalion who acquire help are identify sooner and cultivateed towards the right assistants (Scottish Government, 2009). In line with this, thither deem been significant intensifys in welfare policies for raft who violate alcohol.thither is no clear of the be of battalion with medicate and alcohol problems receiving kindly work interventions. investigate is usually based on specialised lend oneself teams, for example, teams working with children and families. Research redes that rough 25 per cent of children on child protection registers involve enate alcohol and or dose use. (Advisory Council on the Misuse of medicates (ACMD) 2003) while Hayden (2004) points give away(a) that higher images slang been prepare among children and families s ervice more broadly. Further question highlights that drug and alcohol misuse is prevalent with the umpteen groups of stack genial workers often measures work with, for example, 44 per cent of people with genial ill health use cores in traumaful or hazardous ways (Weaver et al, 2003) and among infantile people aged 14-15, research has shown that presenting alcohol is a regular pass onrence (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2009). Gender is also an important area in the field of substance misuse with research showing that it is often conceit for it to be worse for a woman to be drunk than a man (Sandmaier, 1992). It would appear that the recognise of alcohol smear whitethorn be different for a man and a woman.My interest in addictions developed whilst on placement with a voluntary physical composition working with young people involved with offending and/or anti affable behaviour. The placement demonstrated the augment in the extent to which drug and alcohol use influen ces the involvement of young people in offending (Rutter et al, 1998). An luck whilst on a mental health placement to work with a woman experiencing severe emotional, behavioural and financial difficulties who was alcohol inter low-level alerted me to the profound make of addiction, the effect of proposed policy budges and to some of the difficulties reckond whilst working with this client group.By 2009, the disparage caused by alcohol and the court to UK society had become a topical debate. unfermented downturns in the UK economic climate coupled with large number of economically inactive individuals and an increase in worklessness created much cause for concern. It was decided to contract this story on alcohol playent service users in light of the new legislation in the UK which aimed to make individuals with health difficulties in getting gage to work.Aims of the ResearchThis research aim is to explore the experiences and perceptions of front line workers regarding the implication of the new Employment and deem gross profit for people who misuse alcohol and the implications this has for social work practice and go away broadly cover issues such(prenominal) asWhat difference, if any, has the introduction of the new Employment and Support Allowance made to work carried go forth with alcohol dependent service users?Should the implementation of this Allowance be subject to specific conditions?What is the experiences of working with alcohol dependent service users?Outline of the dissertationA review of the relevant books is presented in chapter two in request to set the study in its legal, political and practice context. The approach and methods used to learn the data will be explored in chapter three. Chapter four presents and discusses the findings and chapter five presents the final analysis, draws some conclusions and makes some suggestions for future practice and research. All names including the name of the organisation in which the research is based cast off been changed in accordance with confidentiality agreements.Chapter 1 Literature ReviewINTRODUCTIONThis literature review is divided into four sections. function one addresses, understandings of alcohol wickedness. political responses to alcohol demoralize is the focussing of section two. Section three explores the reasons for change and section four discusses practice issues, challenges and plights.The enclosures alcohol addiction, boozing, and alcohol dependence keep the same meaning. No one boundary is more serious than the early(a). Different wrong have evolved over the years to bounce tolerate the negative stigma of addiction. several(prenominal) people are not addicted to drugs or alcohol, solely detestation them. The American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) uses specific criteria over a 12 month period to differentiate between dependence and poke fun. If an individual fulfils the criteria for substance habituation frankincensel y a diagnosis of substance abuse does not apply (Petersen McBride, 2002). For the purpose of this research, the term alcohol abuse will be used to describe individuals who abuse alcohol as comfortably as those who are categorised as alcohol dependent.SECTION 1 Understandings of alcohol abuseThe use of alcohol is gigantic standing at heart Western culture. As the research has a focus on alcohol abuse, shareation must be granted to the reasons why such a growth in ebullient drinking startd. The social changes stemming from the industrial revolution are thusly significant. Previous to these, vagarys centred on the view that human beings were thought to be rational and exercised free will in coitus to self enjoyment. Individuals were seen to exercise choiceDrunkenness was a choice, albeit a sinful one, which some individuals made.(Levine, 1978, p146)The apparent motion of people from rural to urban areas because of the need for organised labour together with the growth in pop ulation meant that there were significantly high concentrations of people. sociable problems emerged on an exceptional scale with excessive alcohol consumption and bear ond safety at work issues causing great domain concern. capers relating to alcohol abuse thus became more socially significant.Many theories cost in relation to understanding the causes of alcohol abuse. Early explanations to problems with substance misuse focused on moral issues and the idea that alcohol consumption and ungodliness were united. Individuals who had problems with drink were viewed as being purposeless willed or sinful with treatment focusing on punishment or spiritual conversion (Petersen McBride, 2002, p34*). During the cabaretteenth century, scientific explanations began to emerge in relation to understanding the spread of excessive drinking behaviour in society this was the graduation exercise time that the idea of insobriety as a disorder was considered (Collins, 1990). Applying such a medical examination analysis allowed for a new awareness, understanding and even sympathetic perspective towards alcohol consumption and its alluded problems. extort on the State to ensure that alcoholism was recognised as a sickness which required specific medical attending was right away evident.Petersen McBride (2002) highlight that substance use is different from dependence or addiction. When a person tries a substance once or for the first few times, it is seen as experimental. Substance misuse can also be recreational meaning a person may misuse a substance, for example, alcohol, at times or on a social basis. The individual is seen as dependent if they have developed a dependent pattern on a substance and misuse it continually. Critics point that the disease approach focuses the attention only on the dependent problem drinker, the drinker who is experiencing severe physical and social consequences. Problems can occur at any of these stages with different interventi ons available, for example, the disease model supports the argument for total abstinence and is broadly supported by Alcoholics Anonymous. However this model will not work for everyone. Alternatively, models which focus on harm reduction through controlled drinking, for example, the wheel of change model, are also accepted within drug and alcohol service (Goodman, 2007).Difficulties summon when categorising individuals and in relation to the language used for example what constitutes recreational use? What is the difference between dependence and addiction? The language used within alcohol literature varies greatly. It is assertable for person to be in all three stages at once for example psyche who is dependent on alcohol may recreationally misuse cannabis. There appears to be a move away from socially constructed terms such as addiction, with research highlighting that terms such as addict or lush carry with them a negative connation and are powerful labels. Goodman (2007) p oints turn up that it is better to call a person drug dependent, where the dependency is the compulsion to keep taking drugs.There is no one clear definition of alcohol abuse as a disease. Kessel Walton (1989) highlight that alcoholism is a difficult subject to study and alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions. Defining what constitutes an alcoholic and what constitutes a non-alcoholic is difficult. Collins (1990) highlights thatIt is now accepted that problem drinking constitutes on a continuum, with normal or non-problem drinking at one end and severe dependence at the opposite(Collins, 1990, p49*)Developments in research into dependency have led to risk factors such as stress, social environment, emotional health, genetic predisposition, age, and gender being identified. For example, studies have shown that children natural from alcohol dependent parents who are adopt into families with no dependency issues are at greater risk of bonnie a lcohol dependent than the rest of the population. This would suggest that there is some genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence. Children born and raised by alcohol dependent parents have an even greater rate of suitable alcohol dependent, although here learnt behaviour may also be a factor (ref).Psychological theories such as neighborly Learning Theory relate behaviour to processes that take place within the individuals mind rather than the physical structure of the brain. Behaviour is believed to be conditioned by the expectations of the individual in carrying out a bulgeicular action, for example, immediate of a sudden term effects of alcohol can create feelings of enjoyment or eliminate unpleasant withdrawals. In the want term the advantages of stopping may be less rewarding than the short term gratification of prolonged misuse.Certain studies question the idea of rewarded behaviour and that addiction is a consequence. Chein (1964) found that when normal subjects were given narcotics, although they found the experience pleasurable, they did not become compulsive drug users, suggesting that drugs are not inherently rewarding as Social Learning Theory purports. Furthermore, it was found that a percentage of people who developed dependencies became dependent anyway despite having found the initial drug experience unpleasant. Regardless of these concerns, the conditioning model is well supported and highlights once again that addictive behavior is complex and difficult to place into a single model.Social Learning theory is helpful in explaining the differences in social attitudes to alcohol abuse in women. Sandmaier (1992) surveyed attitudes towards alcohol abuse among four hundred women and men of variable socioeconomic classes, ethnicity and age in the get together States and found that the majority thought it to be worse for a woman to be drunk than a man. Labelling someone as an alcoholic can be stigmatising and affect an individuals self-effi cacy and self-esteem (Goodman, 2007). Attitudes towards drinking are not homogeneous, however the stigma attached to female alcohol abuse significantly shapes the experience, rendering it different from the experience of a man. Alcohol abuse for women threatens societys formed image somewhat women being good mothers or good wives. Problem drinking often goes undetected amongst women out-of-pocket to a fear of condemnation by society. Women experiencing alcohol problems can be viewed as repulsive and disgraceful. Such cultural judgments can therefore adversely affect women seeking help (Sandmaier, 1992, p8).Theories of personality are located somewhere between the biological and psychological with suggestions that authoritative oddballs of people will experience problems with alcohol dependency. The term addictive personality is sometimes used but critics have questioned this, concluding that there is no one type of personality more presumable to abuse substances or develop sub stance dependency (Nathan, 1988). What appears to be more accurate is that specific personality traits have been linked to substance misuse, for example, sensation seeking has been identified as a personality trait that may be common in those who choose to abuse substances (Zuckerman, 1979). devil main schools of thought appear to be evident in relation to understanding alcohol abuse the biological standpoint and a more psychosocial popular opinion structure. It is important to understand that theories go away useable contributions to understanding substance dependence but that no integrated theory exists.As there is no one substance use experience and no one encompassing theory, there can be no one specific response.(Petersen McBride, 2002, p36)What looks apparent is that society, for many years, has had an unsure attitude towards alcohol consumption. Confusion of attitudes inescapably result from shifts among policy makers in line with changes in dominant viewpoints. Predomi nant medical understandings of alcohol abuse which consider alcoholism as a disease justify state intervention such as help through health apportion to address the handicap caused to the body. Whatever the reasons behind substance abuse and dependency, research has shown there to be a huge cost, both financially and to human life.SECTION 2 Political responses to alcohol abuseIn order to explore the States approach to tackling alcohol abuse, ideas around welfare are significant. As a result of the development of alcoholism being recognised as a disease which requires treatment, distinguishable welfare needs have been identified. In reviewing ideas around welfare, the welfare state in the UK differed from preceding schemes of scantiness relief due to its comparatively demesnewide coverage. The Social Insurance and Allied Services Report (1942) (the Beveridge Report) provided the proposals which allowed for the creation of the welfare state. The idea was to provide universal pu blic assistances to all and to address issues such as unemployment, poverty and disease.Critics suggestd that the creation of a welfare state under Beveridges original proposal was excessively expensive, could not be financially maintained after the convey war boom period and would create an unwillingness to work. Since 1979, reforms have been evident across all government sectors with more of an emphasis being placed on the responsibility of the individual. The Social Security Act (1986) brought about major structural changes to the social security system. In relation to benefits, means testing and compulsory conditions to specific benefits were established. For example, invalidity benefit for those who were unable to work due to ill health, which included alcohol dependent service users, was changed to foolishness benefit requiring all but the disadvantageously disabled, below pension age, to become job seekers.This brought about a new culture towards welfare which the newfan gled compass government elected in the 1997 pick were quick to embrace. Alcock et al (2008) highlight that in analysing current political attitudes, an account of social policy now is an account of the shape it has been given by the New Labour Government in power. The Government believes that paid work has many rewards, for example, it increases independence, health and well being. The government wants to provide the opportunity for as many people as possible to access employment and share such rewards. Employment policies occupy a central but controversial place in debates about the future of welfare. offbeat-to work programmes for those who are able to work have been introduced in an attempt to move away from the experient passive benefit system (Alcock et al, 2008, p342). Developments have seen groups that had antecedently not been expected to find paid work, for example, people with disabilities, now being included in this approach. The public assistance Reform Act (2009) which applies to England, Wales and Scotland sets out the model necessary for the future abolition of Income Support, and the movement of claimants of that benefit to Jobseekers Allowance with differing degrees of conditionality, or to Employment and Support Allowance. The Act provides for those who have problems with alcohol to be directed to make, and respect with, a rehabilitation plan.Concern about the negative consequences of alcohol abuse has reached a significantly high point on the current political agenda. At a national level the problems associated with alcohol abuse is recognised as a priority by the Government. local anaesthetic governments have developed their own frameworks for addressing alcohol think harm, for example, Changing Scotlands Relationship with Alcohol A Framework for Action (Scottish Government, 2009).The role alcohol free reins in the UKs miserliness can be both imperative and negative. There are wide-reaching economic benefits derived from alcoh ol and alcohol consumption such as the pro day-dream of employment and valuate revenues. The total value of the UK drinks market exceeds 30 billion. The justification for alcohol excise duties ensures that the consumer directly contributes to any costs that alcohol consumption imposes on society as alcoholic drink is subject to both excise and VAT. Revenue for the Exchequer is substantial and has been increasing for the ending 30 years. The alcoholic drinks industry reports to generate approximately one million jobs across the strong supply chain. The British Beer and Pub Association reports that there are over one million people sedulous in hotels, restaurants, pubs and clubs (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2008). It is evident that alcohol plays an important role in the success of certain parts of industry in UK society.In relation to the harm caused by alcohol in Scotland, there were over 40,000 hospital admissions in 2007-8 due to alcohol related illness and injury and deaths related to alcohol have more than doubled in the last 15 years. Rates of liver cirrhosis in Scotland are growing faster than anywhere else in the world and life expectancy in some parts of Scotland has fallen significantly short of life expectancy elsewhere. Research suggests that alcohol plays a significant part in these inequalities (Scottish Government, 2009).Research has shown that drinking alcohol in Scotland is a common occurrence for the majority of young people between the ages of 12 and 15 and that the problem with modest drinking is rising (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2009). If people are drinking at a younger age they are at greater risk of developing dependencies, experiencing health difficulties or becoming economically inactive, all of which will have a bad effect on the economy. To address the problem of underage drinking initiatives and proposals are ongoing. In 2008, certain councils piloted local bans on under-21s using off-licenses. Results indicated that the level of assaults, vandalism and general complaints about young people fell significantly. These pilots were viewed successfully but critics designate that governments need to focus on wider issues such as poverty in order to change Scotlands attitude to alcohol (The Times, 2008).The regulation of the exchange of alcohol has a long memoir in UK society. Whilst the minimum age of eighteen years old to purchase alcohol has remained the same, the variety of outlets licensed to apportion alcohol and the opening times of these has changed dramatically. Tensions exist for government in relation to the deregulation of alcohol along with the wider availability of it and concerns about Scotlands problematic relationship with alcohol. Current government policy appears to be betrothed towards the health benefits of reducing alcohol consumption and dependency and addressing the detrimental effects on health go and other related social problems. This appears to be the Governments focus re gardless of the opportunity to raise substantial revenue through the taxation of alcohol. Such changes in political attitudes towards alcohol abuse have brought about firmer regulations administration the sale and possession of alcohol, for example, The Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005 represents the biggest changes to the Licensing System in Scotland in over thirty years. The Act increases responsibility for those who are involved in the sale of alcohol and places restrictions on drinks promotions, for example, Happy Hours and two-for-one promotions can no longer be used by licensed premises.Recent reforms relate to the Scottish Governments introduction of the Alcohol institutionalize. This Bill proposes a number of measures to trailer truck alcohol-related harm including a 40 pence per unit minimum price (Scottish Government, 2009). However critics argue that pricing measures will not tackle the underlying reasons why people drink harmfully. Changes in regulations have came about to address issues such as public disorder and underage drinking as alcohol abuse is significantly linked to these.Law and order and health are just some of many Government departments which are affected by alcohol-related harm. The total cost to UK society is vast. The National Social Marketing vegetable marrow in 2007 estimated a cost 55.1 billion. This estimate was composed of 21 billion cost to individuals and families/households, 2.8 billion cost to public health and care function, 2.1 billion cost to the Criminal Justice System, Education and Social Services, 7.3 billion cost to employers (includes days alienated to affects of alcohol abuse) and 21.9 billion in human cost ( decreased quality of life adjusted years) (House of Commons, 2009). The increasing cost of alcohol abuse and related concerns are therefore expose considerations for government.SECTION 3 Need for change?During this time of economic recession, the government is paying significant attention to welfare ref orm. Government publications such as Raising Expectations and Increasing Support Reforming Welfare for the Future (2008) detail plans for the future as part of New Labours vision for a personalised welfare state.There appears to be a number of reasons why the government wants to increase employment levels, helping to explain why the governments focus has been on welfare reforms. The rate of worklessness, that is, those free from the labour market, for example, alcohol-dependent and economically inactive individuals is significant. The Office for National Statistics (2009) reported that the number of working-age people in workless households in April-June 2009 reached 4.8 million. This was a rise of 500,000 from the previous year. The number of workless households with children reached 1.9 million, highlighting a rise of 170,000. The percentage of households in which no adults worked also increased by 1.1 percentage points from the previous year. These s reflect the highest rates si nce 1999 and the highest year-on-year increase since 1997. Increasing the number of economically active in society is crucial for government as they parentage the economically dependent.Worklessness is linked to poor health and poverty and both poverty and worklessness are intergenerational a working household is not only less likely to be in poverty, but also children vivacious in the household are less likely to be in poverty as adults (Centre for Longitudinal Studies, 2007). Some argue that benefit payments accompanied with weak or no work expectations trap the very people they are supposed to help. Worklessness and the increasing cost of alcohol abuse are therefore key considerations for current government and help to explain reasons for change.Recognition that the number of people over state pension age has exceeded the number of children has raised government concerns. The dilemma of an ageing population has caused alarm for both public and private sectors, for example, conc erns relate to pensions, the size of the workforce and the capacities of the health and social services.Alcock et al (2008) point outFor governments, high rates of employment boost tax revenues, reduce spending on social security benefits and make it easier to fund other social policies and meet the pass judgment costs of an aging population(Alcock et al., 2008, p.311).The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) points out that the new Employment and Support Allowance focuses on enabling disabled people and individuals with a health condition to engage in appropriate work, if they are able. The government has indicated that over 2.6 million people depend on incapacity benefits in the UK and that nine out of ten new claimants say that they want to return to work. The government cites this as one of the reasons why change has occurred (DWP, 2008).The idea that alcohol dependent service users are required to find suitable work raises questions about the availability, types of jobs and the level of pay required to help families out of poverty. Alcoholism is seen to have both direct and indirect effects on earnings and employment. Productivity and dependableness in the labour market can be affected by the physical and mental health problems linked with alcohol dependency. That is, sickness, hangover or late arrivals are work characteristics that lead to reduced reliability and productivity. Indirect effects relate to a possible deprivation of education if a dependency has prevented an individual from completing or advancing at school. This possible lack of education could lead to refuse wages and a limited selection of jobs. Difficulties in maintaining employment may also be experienced by individuals who are alcohol dependent, as reduced reliability leads to job loss and decreased employability. Consequently the lack of work experience can lead to light wages and earnings (MacPherson, 1998). However, having someone in work does not necessarily mean the househo ld will not be poor thus, debates continue in relation to the role that employment policies play in reducing poverty.The new Employment and Support Allowance places obligations upon disabled people, including alcohol dependent individuals judged to be undecided of work. Creating ideas that centre on having norms which is to be in full time paid work is perhaps stigmatising and disadvantaging to those people whose capabilities mean they have to work less or at a slower rate.Critics would argue that the new system will make it difficult for individuals to refuse a job if they consider it beneath their dignity, thus raising questions about the value of liberty in our society. Increasing the degree of conditionality in the benefit system could perhaps add strength to the argument that in any case often poor people can be treated as though they have no right to pursue a career of their choice, how to deal time between family responsibilities or work outside their home or how to meet t heir family responsibilities. Some would argue that poor people do not conform to the same minimum respect as other citizens (Young, 2002).SECTION 4 Practice issues, challenges and dilemmasSome people with disabilities need extra resources, equipment or personal care to function independently and/or benefit from welfare-to-work government policies. In relation to people who misuse alcohol and claim Employment and Support Allowance on the grounds of incapacity, this section will hear some of the current practice issues and the main challenges and dilemmas that can arise.Many people with substance misuse issues appear to lack serious motivation to change behaviour that could be described as self-destructive. In relation to what works to motivate people to change, research has shown that scare tactical manoeuvre and confronting individuals are likely to lead to a defensive reaction, whilst labeling an individual as an alcoholic or addict is unhelpful and does not support the person to change (Goodman, 2007). Setting goals is important, but for any assistance to be successful, such goals must be a shared aspiration between the individual and worker. How successful the new system will be in helping people who misuse alcohol return to work will perhaps be more related to how well it works with individuals in assessing what they are capable of and how effective it is in assessing what help and support service users need to manage their condition, rather than the increasing conditionality and penalties.The Welfare Reform Act (2009) gives Job Centre advisers the power to assess individuals for alcohol problems and to force those with a dependency to undergo treatment. Individuals who refuse will lose benefits. Critics argue that job Centre advisers do not have the training for this role, and that specialised drug and alcohol professionals would need to carry out such assessments. There is also concern whether drug and alcohol services have the resources to deal wit h the increased number of perhaps, involuntary clients. The charity Alcohol Concern estimates that only one in 18 individuals who have an alcohol dependency can to access treatment (Hunter, 2009).The focus on what works best with alcohol and drug problems is of great importance. Challenges arise from frustrations felt by workers seeing people with alcohol or drug problems repeatedly in and out of the revolving door of services. Attempting to change a long term pattern of drinking is extremely difficult, with research showing that several or more attempts can be required. Petersen and McBride (2002) highlighted thatThe softness to stop using drugs and especially the inability to avoid returning to use are at the heart of what we mean by addiction. In this respect, the problem of retrograde is one of the defining take ins of the addictive disorders(Petersen and McBride, 2002, p189)If drop off is a defining feature of the addictive disorder, how do welfare changes which make more c ondition and create more complex systems incorporate this known feature of the addiction cycle? Dilemmas arise in relation to the new system and the lack of sensitivity to the particular conditions such as alcohol abuse with its relapse and periodic down periods. Critics point out that an individuals alcohol dependency might be an indication that he or she is struggling to cope and that removing benefits could have detrimental effects. Removing or reducing alcohol dependent service users benefits could create more strain in their lives and make their alcohol issues worse. This, in turn, would be less likely to help individuals in getting back to work, and therefore the new system would have achieved the opposite of its intended purpose. How individuals wouldBenefit Payments to People who Misuse AlcoholBenefit Payments to People who Misuse AlcoholIntroductionGovernment policies and assistance for people who misuse alcohol raise controversial issues for legislators, policymakers and p ractitioners alike. Goodman (2007) highlights that government policy adopts both a carrot and stick approach. While individuals who misuse substances are encouraged to seek treatment, there is also the threat that for those who choose not to engage in programmes, they run the risk of being targeted if they continue in their addiction. Thus those whose alcohol addiction has caused them to become involved in criminal/illegal activities and who refuse to engage with alcohol interventions face agencies using enforcement and prosecution if they continue with their behaviours.Harm caused by alcohol is Scotlands biggest health challenge. Changing Scotlands Relationship with Alcohol A Framework for Action was published to address Scotlands 2.25 billion alcohol misuse problem. The governments focus is on reducing costs, recovery and making sure that people who need help are identified sooner and directed towards the right services (Scottish Government, 2009). In line with this, there have be en significant changes in welfare policies for people who misuse alcohol.There is no clear of the number of people with drug and alcohol problems receiving social work interventions. Research is usually based on specialised practice teams, for example, teams working with children and families. Research suggests that approximately 25 per cent of children on child protection registers involve parental alcohol and or drug use. (Advisory Council on the Misuse of drugs (ACMD) 2003) while Hayden (2004) points out that higher estimates have been found among children and families services more broadly. Further research highlights that drug and alcohol misuse is prevalent with the many groups of people social workers often work with, for example, 44 per cent of people with mental ill health use substances in harmful or hazardous ways (Weaver et al, 2003) and among young people aged 14-15, research has shown that drinking alcohol is a regular occurrence (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2009). G ender is also an important area in the field of substance misuse with research showing that it is often thought for it to be worse for a woman to be drunk than a man (Sandmaier, 1992). It would appear that the experience of alcohol abuse may be different for a man and a woman.My interest in addictions developed whilst on placement with a voluntary organisation working with young people involved with offending and/or anti social behaviour. The placement demonstrated the increase in the extent to which drug and alcohol use influences the involvement of young people in offending (Rutter et al, 1998). An opportunity whilst on a mental health placement to work with a woman experiencing severe emotional, behavioural and financial difficulties who was alcohol dependent alerted me to the profound effects of addiction, the effect of proposed policy changes and to some of the difficulties experienced whilst working with this client group.By 2009, the harm caused by alcohol and the cost to UK society had become a topical debate. Current downturns in the UK economic climate coupled with large number of economically inactive individuals and an increase in worklessness created much cause for concern. It was decided to focus this study on alcohol dependent service users in light of the new legislation in the UK which aimed to support individuals with health difficulties in getting back to work.Aims of the ResearchThis research aim is to explore the experiences and perceptions of front line workers regarding the implication of the new Employment and Support Allowance for people who misuse alcohol and the implications this has for social work practice and will broadly cover issues such asWhat difference, if any, has the introduction of the new Employment and Support Allowance made to work carried out with alcohol dependent service users?Should the implementation of this Allowance be subject to specific conditions?What is the experiences of working with alcohol dependent servic e users?Outline of the dissertationA review of the relevant literature is presented in chapter two in order to set the study in its legal, political and practice context. The approach and methods used to collect the data will be explored in chapter three. Chapter four presents and discusses the findings and chapter five presents the final analysis, draws some conclusions and makes some suggestions for future practice and research. All names including the name of the organisation in which the research is based have been changed in accordance with confidentiality agreements.Chapter 1 Literature ReviewINTRODUCTIONThis literature review is divided into four sections. Section one addresses, understandings of alcohol abuse. Political responses to alcohol abuse is the focus of section two. Section three explores the reasons for change and section four discusses practice issues, challenges and dilemmas.The terms alcohol addiction, alcoholism, and alcohol dependence have the same meaning. No one term is more serious than the other. Different terms have evolved over the years to overcome the negative stigma of addiction. Some people are not addicted to drugs or alcohol, but abuse them. The American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) uses specific criteria over a 12 month period to differentiate between dependence and abuse. If an individual fulfils the criteria for substance dependency then a diagnosis of substance abuse does not apply (Petersen McBride, 2002). For the purpose of this research, the term alcohol abuse will be used to describe individuals who abuse alcohol as well as those who are categorised as alcohol dependent.SECTION 1 Understandings of alcohol abuseThe use of alcohol is long standing within Western culture. As the research has a focus on alcohol abuse, consideration must be given to the reasons why such a growth in excessive drinking emerged. The social changes stemming from the industrial revolution are therefore significant. Previous to these, ideas centred on the view that human beings were thought to be rational and exercised free will in relation to self enjoyment. Individuals were seen to exercise choiceDrunkenness was a choice, albeit a sinful one, which some individuals made.(Levine, 1978, p146)The movement of people from rural to urban areas because of the need for organised labour together with the growth in population meant that there were significantly high concentrations of people. Social problems emerged on an exceptional scale with excessive alcohol consumption and related safety at work issues causing great public concern. Problems relating to alcohol abuse thus became more socially significant.Many theories exist in relation to understanding the causes of alcohol abuse. Early explanations to problems with substance misuse focused on moral issues and the idea that alcohol consumption and ungodliness were linked. Individuals who had problems with drink were viewed as being weak willed or sinful with treatment focu sing on punishment or religious conversion (Petersen McBride, 2002, p34*). During the nineteenth century, scientific explanations began to emerge in relation to understanding the spread of excessive drinking behaviour in society this was the first time that the idea of alcoholism as a disease was considered (Collins, 1990). Applying such a medical analysis allowed for a new awareness, understanding and even sympathetic attitude towards alcohol consumption and its related problems. Pressure on the State to ensure that alcoholism was recognised as a disease which required specific medical attention was now evident.Petersen McBride (2002) highlight that substance use is different from dependence or addiction. When a person tries a substance once or for the first few times, it is seen as experimental. Substance misuse can also be recreational meaning a person may misuse a substance, for example, alcohol, occasionally or on a social basis. The individual is seen as dependent if they ha ve developed a dependent pattern on a substance and misuse it continually. Critics argue that the disease approach focuses the attention only on the dependent problem drinker, the drinker who is experiencing severe physical and social consequences. Problems can occur at any of these stages with different interventions available, for example, the disease model supports the argument for total abstinence and is broadly supported by Alcoholics Anonymous. However this model will not work for everyone. Alternatively, models which focus on harm reduction through controlled drinking, for example, the wheel of change model, are also accepted within drug and alcohol services (Goodman, 2007).Difficulties arise when categorising individuals and in relation to the language used for example what constitutes recreational use? What is the difference between dependence and addiction? The language used within alcohol literature varies greatly. It is possible for someone to be in all three stages at o nce for example someone who is dependent on alcohol may recreationally misuse cannabis. There appears to be a move away from socially constructed terms such as addiction, with research highlighting that terms such as addict or alcoholic carry with them a negative connation and are powerful labels. Goodman (2007) points out that it is better to call a person drug dependent, where the dependency is the compulsion to keep taking drugs.There is no one clear definition of alcohol abuse as a disease. Kessel Walton (1989) highlight that alcoholism is a difficult subject to study and alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions. Defining what constitutes an alcoholic and what constitutes a non-alcoholic is difficult. Collins (1990) highlights thatIt is now accepted that problem drinking exists on a continuum, with normal or non-problem drinking at one end and severe dependence at the other(Collins, 1990, p49*)Developments in research into dependency have led to risk factors such as stress, social environment, emotional health, genetic predisposition, age, and gender being identified. For example, studies have shown that children born from alcohol dependent parents who are adopted into families with no dependency issues are at greater risk of becoming alcohol dependent than the rest of the population. This would suggest that there is some genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence. Children born and raised by alcohol dependent parents have an even greater rate of becoming alcohol dependent, although here learnt behaviour may also be a factor (ref).Psychological theories such as Social Learning Theory relate behaviour to processes that take place within the individuals mind rather than the physical structure of the brain. Behaviour is believed to be conditioned by the expectations of the individual in carrying out a particular action, for example, immediate short term effects of alcohol can create feelings of enjoyment or eliminate unpleas ant withdrawals. In the long term the advantages of stopping may be less rewarding than the short term gratification of prolonged misuse.Certain studies question the idea of rewarded behaviour and that addiction is a consequence. Chein (1964) found that when normal subjects were given narcotics, although they found the experience pleasurable, they did not become compulsive drug users, suggesting that drugs are not inherently rewarding as Social Learning Theory purports. Furthermore, it was found that a percentage of people who developed dependencies became dependent anyway despite having found the initial drug experience unpleasant. Regardless of these concerns, the conditioning model is well supported and highlights once again that addictive behavior is complex and difficult to place into a single model.Social Learning theory is helpful in explaining the differences in social attitudes to alcohol abuse in women. Sandmaier (1992) surveyed attitudes towards alcohol abuse among four h undred women and men of varying socioeconomic classes, ethnicity and age in the United States and found that the majority thought it to be worse for a woman to be drunk than a man. Labelling someone as an alcoholic can be stigmatising and affect an individuals self-efficacy and self-esteem (Goodman, 2007). Attitudes towards drinking are not homogeneous, however the stigma attached to female alcohol abuse significantly shapes the experience, rendering it different from the experience of a man. Alcohol abuse for women threatens societys formed image about women being good mothers or good wives. Problem drinking often goes undetected amongst women due to a fear of condemnation by society. Women experiencing alcohol problems can be viewed as repulsive and disgraceful. Such cultural judgments can therefore adversely affect women seeking help (Sandmaier, 1992, p8).Theories of personality are located somewhere between the biological and psychological with suggestions that certain types of people will experience problems with alcohol dependency. The term addictive personality is sometimes used but critics have questioned this, concluding that there is no one type of personality more likely to abuse substances or develop substance dependency (Nathan, 1988). What appears to be more accurate is that specific personality traits have been linked to substance misuse, for example, sensation seeking has been identified as a personality trait that may be common in those who choose to abuse substances (Zuckerman, 1979).Two main schools of thought appear to be evident in relation to understanding alcohol abuse the biological standpoint and a more psychosocial belief structure. It is important to understand that theories provide useful contributions to understanding substance dependence but that no integrated theory exists.As there is no one substance use experience and no one encompassing theory, there can be no one specific response.(Petersen McBride, 2002, p36)What looks appa rent is that society, for many years, has had an ambivalent attitude towards alcohol consumption. Confusion of attitudes inevitably result from shifts among policy makers in line with changes in dominant viewpoints. Predominant medical understandings of alcohol abuse which consider alcoholism as a disease justify state intervention such as help through health care to address the damage caused to the body. Whatever the reasons behind substance abuse and dependency, research has shown there to be a huge cost, both financially and to human life.SECTION 2 Political responses to alcohol abuseIn order to explore the States approach to tackling alcohol abuse, ideas around welfare are significant. As a result of the development of alcoholism being recognised as a disease which requires treatment, distinguishable welfare needs have been identified. In reviewing ideas around welfare, the welfare state in the UK differed from previous schemes of poverty relief due to its relatively universal coverage. The Social Insurance and Allied Services Report (1942) (the Beveridge Report) provided the proposals which allowed for the creation of the welfare state. The idea was to provide universal benefits to all and to address issues such as unemployment, poverty and disease.Critics argued that the creation of a welfare state under Beveridges original proposal was excessively expensive, could not be financially maintained after the post war boom period and would create an unwillingness to work. Since 1979, reforms have been evident across all government sectors with more of an emphasis being placed on the responsibility of the individual. The Social Security Act (1986) brought about major structural changes to the social security system. In relation to benefits, means testing and compulsory conditions to specific benefits were established. For example, invalidity benefit for those who were unable to work due to ill health, which included alcohol dependent service users, was change d to incapacity benefit requiring all but the severely disabled, below pension age, to become job seekers.This brought about a new culture towards welfare which the New Labour government elected in the 1997 election were quick to embrace. Alcock et al (2008) highlight that in analysing current political attitudes, an account of social policy now is an account of the shape it has been given by the New Labour Government in power. The Government believes that paid work has many rewards, for example, it increases independence, health and well being. The government wants to provide the opportunity for as many people as possible to access employment and share such rewards. Employment policies occupy a central but controversial place in debates about the future of welfare. Welfare-to work programmes for those who are able to work have been introduced in an attempt to move away from the old passive benefit system (Alcock et al, 2008, p342). Developments have seen groups that had previously not been expected to find paid work, for example, people with disabilities, now being included in this approach. The Welfare Reform Act (2009) which applies to England, Wales and Scotland sets out the framework necessary for the future abolition of Income Support, and the movement of claimants of that benefit to Jobseekers Allowance with differing degrees of conditionality, or to Employment and Support Allowance. The Act provides for those who have problems with alcohol to be directed to make, and comply with, a rehabilitation plan.Concern about the negative consequences of alcohol abuse has reached a significantly high point on the current political agenda. At a national level the problems associated with alcohol abuse is recognised as a priority by the Government. Local governments have developed their own frameworks for addressing alcohol related harm, for example, Changing Scotlands Relationship with Alcohol A Framework for Action (Scottish Government, 2009).The role alcohol pla ys in the UKs economy can be both positive and negative. There are wide-reaching economic benefits derived from alcohol and alcohol consumption such as the provision of employment and tax revenues. The total value of the UK drinks market exceeds 30 billion. The justification for alcohol excise duties ensures that the consumer directly contributes to any costs that alcohol consumption imposes on society as alcoholic drink is subject to both excise and VAT. Revenue for the Exchequer is substantial and has been increasing for the last 30 years. The alcoholic drinks industry reports to generate approximately one million jobs across the whole supply chain. The British Beer and Pub Association reports that there are over one million people employed in hotels, restaurants, pubs and clubs (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2008). It is evident that alcohol plays an important role in the success of certain parts of industry in UK society.In relation to the harm caused by alcohol in Scotland, the re were over 40,000 hospital admissions in 2007-8 due to alcohol related illness and injury and deaths related to alcohol have more than doubled in the last 15 years. Rates of liver cirrhosis in Scotland are growing faster than anywhere else in the world and life expectancy in some parts of Scotland has fallen significantly short of life expectancy elsewhere. Research suggests that alcohol plays a significant part in these inequalities (Scottish Government, 2009).Research has shown that drinking alcohol in Scotland is a common occurrence for the majority of young people between the ages of 12 and 15 and that the problem with underage drinking is rising (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2009). If people are drinking at a younger age they are at greater risk of developing dependencies, experiencing health difficulties or becoming economically inactive, all of which will have a detrimental effect on the economy. To address the problem of underage drinking initiatives and proposals are ong oing. In 2008, certain councils piloted local bans on under-21s using off-licenses. Results indicated that the level of assaults, vandalism and general complaints about young people fell significantly. These pilots were viewed successfully but critics argue that governments need to focus on wider issues such as poverty in order to change Scotlands attitude to alcohol (The Times, 2008).The regulation of the sale of alcohol has a long history in UK society. Whilst the minimum age of eighteen years old to purchase alcohol has remained the same, the variety of outlets licensed to sell alcohol and the opening times of these has changed dramatically. Tensions exist for government in relation to the deregulation of alcohol along with the wider availability of it and concerns about Scotlands problematic relationship with alcohol. Current government policy appears to be tailored towards the health benefits of reducing alcohol consumption and dependency and addressing the detrimental effects on health services and other related social problems. This appears to be the Governments focus regardless of the opportunity to raise substantial revenue through the taxation of alcohol. Such changes in political attitudes towards alcohol abuse have brought about firmer regulations governing the sale and possession of alcohol, for example, The Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005 represents the biggest changes to the Licensing System in Scotland in over thirty years. The Act increases responsibility for those who are involved in the sale of alcohol and places restrictions on drinks promotions, for example, Happy Hours and two-for-one promotions can no longer be used by licensed premises.Recent reforms relate to the Scottish Governments introduction of the Alcohol Bill. This Bill proposes a number of measures to tackle alcohol-related harm including a 40 pence per unit minimum price (Scottish Government, 2009). However critics argue that pricing measures will not tackle the underlying reaso ns why people drink harmfully. Changes in regulations have came about to address issues such as public disorder and underage drinking as alcohol abuse is significantly linked to these.Law and order and health are just some of many Government departments which are affected by alcohol-related harm. The total cost to UK society is vast. The National Social Marketing Centre in 2007 estimated a cost 55.1 billion. This estimate was composed of 21 billion cost to individuals and families/households, 2.8 billion cost to public health and care services, 2.1 billion cost to the Criminal Justice System, Education and Social Services, 7.3 billion cost to employers (includes days lost to affects of alcohol abuse) and 21.9 billion in human cost (reduced quality of life adjusted years) (House of Commons, 2009). The increasing cost of alcohol abuse and related concerns are therefore key considerations for government.SECTION 3 Need for change?During this time of economic recession, the government i s paying significant attention to welfare reform. Government publications such as Raising Expectations and Increasing Support Reforming Welfare for the Future (2008) detail plans for the future as part of New Labours vision for a personalised welfare state.There appears to be a number of reasons why the government wants to increase employment levels, helping to explain why the governments focus has been on welfare reforms. The rate of worklessness, that is, those detached from the labour market, for example, alcohol-dependent and economically inactive individuals is significant. The Office for National Statistics (2009) reported that the number of working-age people in workless households in April-June 2009 reached 4.8 million. This was a rise of 500,000 from the previous year. The number of workless households with children reached 1.9 million, highlighting a rise of 170,000. The percentage of households in which no adults worked also increased by 1.1 percentage points from the pre vious year. These s reflect the highest rates since 1999 and the highest year-on-year increase since 1997. Increasing the number of economically active in society is crucial for government as they fund the economically dependent.Worklessness is linked to poor health and poverty and both poverty and worklessness are intergenerational a working household is not only less likely to be in poverty, but also children living in the household are less likely to be in poverty as adults (Centre for Longitudinal Studies, 2007). Some argue that benefit payments accompanied with weak or no work expectations trap the very people they are supposed to help. Worklessness and the increasing cost of alcohol abuse are therefore key considerations for current government and help to explain reasons for change.Recognition that the number of people over state pension age has exceeded the number of children has raised government concerns. The dilemma of an ageing population has caused alarm for both public and private sectors, for example, concerns relate to pensions, the size of the workforce and the capacities of the health and social services.Alcock et al (2008) point outFor governments, high rates of employment boost tax revenues, reduce spending on social security benefits and make it easier to fund other social policies and meet the anticipated costs of an aging population(Alcock et al., 2008, p.311).The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) points out that the new Employment and Support Allowance focuses on enabling disabled people and individuals with a health condition to engage in appropriate work, if they are able. The government has indicated that over 2.6 million people depend on incapacity benefits in the UK and that nine out of ten new claimants say that they want to return to work. The government cites this as one of the reasons why change has occurred (DWP, 2008).The idea that alcohol dependent service users are required to find suitable work raises questions about t he availability, types of jobs and the level of pay required to help families out of poverty. Alcoholism is seen to have both direct and indirect effects on earnings and employment. Productivity and reliability in the labour market can be affected by the physical and mental health problems linked with alcohol dependency. That is, sickness, hangover or late arrivals are work characteristics that lead to reduced reliability and productivity. Indirect effects relate to a possible lack of education if a dependency has prevented an individual from completing or advancing at school. This possible lack of education could lead to lower wages and a limited selection of jobs. Difficulties in maintaining employment may also be experienced by individuals who are alcohol dependent, as reduced reliability leads to job loss and decreased employability. Consequently the lack of work experience can lead to lower wages and earnings (MacPherson, 1998). However, having someone in work does not necessar ily mean the household will not be poor thus, debates continue in relation to the role that employment policies play in reducing poverty.The new Employment and Support Allowance places obligations upon disabled people, including alcohol dependent individuals judged to be capable of work. Creating ideas that centre on having norms which is to be in full time paid work is perhaps stigmatising and disadvantaging to those people whose capabilities mean they have to work less or at a slower rate.Critics would argue that the new system will make it difficult for individuals to refuse a job if they consider it beneath their dignity, thus raising questions about the value of autonomy in our society. Increasing the degree of conditionality in the benefit system could perhaps add strength to the argument that too often poor people can be treated as though they have no right to pursue a career of their choice, how to allocate time between family responsibilities or work outside their home or h ow to meet their family responsibilities. Some would argue that poor people do not receive the same minimum respect as other citizens (Young, 2002).SECTION 4 Practice issues, challenges and dilemmasSome people with disabilities need extra resources, equipment or personal care to function independently and/or benefit from welfare-to-work government policies. In relation to people who misuse alcohol and claim Employment and Support Allowance on the grounds of incapacity, this section will examine some of the current practice issues and the main challenges and dilemmas that can arise.Many people with substance misuse issues appear to lack serious motivation to change behaviour that could be described as self-destructive. In relation to what works to motivate people to change, research has shown that scare tactics and confronting individuals are likely to lead to a defensive reaction, whilst labeling an individual as an alcoholic or addict is unhelpful and does not support the person t o change (Goodman, 2007). Setting goals is important, but for any assistance to be successful, such goals must be a shared aspiration between the individual and worker. How successful the new system will be in helping people who misuse alcohol return to work will perhaps be more related to how well it works with individuals in assessing what they are capable of and how effective it is in assessing what help and support service users need to manage their condition, rather than the increasing conditionality and penalties.The Welfare Reform Act (2009) gives Job Centre advisers the power to assess individuals for alcohol problems and to force those with a dependency to undergo treatment. Individuals who refuse will lose benefits. Critics argue that job Centre advisers do not have the training for this role, and that specialised drug and alcohol professionals would need to carry out such assessments. There is also concern whether drug and alcohol services have the resources to deal with the increased number of perhaps, involuntary clients. The charity Alcohol Concern estimates that only one in 18 individuals who have an alcohol dependency can to access treatment (Hunter, 2009).The focus on what works best with alcohol and drug problems is of great importance. Challenges arise from frustrations felt by workers seeing people with alcohol or drug problems repeatedly in and out of the revolving door of services. Attempting to change a long term pattern of drinking is extremely difficult, with research showing that several or more attempts can be required. Petersen and McBride (2002) highlighted thatThe inability to stop using drugs and especially the inability to avoid returning to use are at the heart of what we mean by addiction. In this respect, the problem of relapse is one of the defining features of the addictive disorders(Petersen and McBride, 2002, p189)If relapse is a defining feature of the addictive disorder, how do welfare changes which make more condition and create more complex systems incorporate this known feature of the addiction cycle? Dilemmas arise in relation to the new system and the lack of sensitivity to the particular conditions such as alcohol abuse with its relapse and periodic down periods. Critics point out that an individuals alcohol dependency might be an indication that he or she is struggling to cope and that removing benefits could have detrimental effects. Removing or reducing alcohol dependent service users benefits could create more strain in their lives and make their alcohol issues worse. This, in turn, would be less likely to help individuals in getting back to work, and therefore the new system would have achieved the opposite of its intended purpose. How individuals would